Fejér's theorem

In mathematics, Fejér's theorem,^[1]^[2] named after Hungarian mathematician Lipót Fejér, states the following:^[3]

Fejér's Theorem — Let $f:\mathbb {R} \to \mathbb {C}$ be a continuous function with period $2\pi$ , let $s_{n}(f)$ be the nth partial sum of the Fourier series of $f$ , and let $\sigma _{n}(f)$ be the sequence of Cesàro means of the sequence $s_{n}(f)$ , that is the sequence of arithmetic means of $s_{0}(f),...,s_{n}(f)$ . Then the sequence $\sigma _{n}(f)$ converges uniformly to $f$ on $\mathbb {R}$ as n tends to infinity.

Explanation of Fejér's Theorem's

Explicitly, we can write the Fourier series of f as

f(x)=\sum _{n=-\infty }^{\infty }c_{n}\,e^{inx}

where the nth partial sum of the Fourier series of f may be written as

s_{n}(f,x)=\sum _{k=-n}^{n}c_{k}e^{ikx},

where the Fourier coefficients $c_{k}$ are

c_{k}={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(t)e^{-ikt}dt.

Then, we can define

\sigma _{n}(f,x)={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}s_{k}(f,x)={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(x-t)F_{n}(t)dt

with F_n being the nth order Fejér kernel.

Then, Fejér's theorem asserts that

\lim _{n\to \infty }\sigma _{n}(f,x)=f(x)

with uniform convergence. With the convergence written out explicitly, the above statement becomes

\forall \epsilon >0\,\exists \,n_{0}\in \mathbb {N} :n\geq n_{0}\implies |f(x)-\sigma _{n}(f,x)|<\epsilon ,\,\forall x\in \mathbb {R}

Proof of Fejér's Theorem

We first prove the following lemma:

Lemma 1 — The nth partial sum of the Fourier series $s_{n}(f,x)$ may be written using the Dirichlet Kernel as: $s_{n}(f,x)={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(x-t)\,D_{n}(t)\,dt$

Proof: Recall the definition of $D_{n}(x)$ , the Dirichlet Kernel:

D_{n}(x)=\sum _{k=-n}^{n}e^{ikx}.

We substitute the integral form of the Fourier coefficients into the formula for

s_{n}(f,x)

above

s_{n}(f,x)=\sum _{k=-n}^{n}c_{k}e^{ikx}=\sum _{k=-n}^{n}[{\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(t)e^{-ikt}dt]e^{ikx}={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(t)\sum _{k=-n}^{n}e^{ik(x-t)}\,dt={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(t)\,D_{n}(x-t)\,dt.

Using a change of variables we get

s_{n}(f,x)={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(x-t)\,D_{n}(t)\,dt.

This completes the proof of Lemma 1.

We next prove the following lemma:

Lemma 2 — The nth Cesaro sum $\sigma _{n}(f,x)$ may be written using the Fejér Kernel as: $\sigma _{n}(f,x)={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(x-t)F_{n}(t)dt$

Proof: Recall the definition of the Fejér Kernel $F_{n}(x)$

F_{n}(x)={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}D_{k}(x)

As in the case of Lemma 1, we substitute the integral form of the Fourier coefficients into the formula for

\sigma _{n}(f,x)

\sigma _{n}(f,x)={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}s_{k}(f,x)={\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}{\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(x-t)\,D_{k}(t)\,dt={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(x-t)\,[{\frac {1}{n}}\sum _{k=0}^{n-1}D_{k}(t)]\,dt={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(x-t)\,F_{n}(t)\,dt

This completes the proof of Lemma 2.

We next prove the 3rd Lemma:

Lemma 3 — The Fejer Kernel has the following 3 properties:

a) ${\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }F_{n}(x)\,dx=1$
b) $F_{n}(x)\geq 0$
c) For all fixed $\delta >0$ , $\lim _{n\to \infty }\int _{\delta \leq |x|\leq \pi }F_{n}(x)\,dx=0$

This completes the proof of Lemma 3.

We are now ready to prove Fejér's Theorem. First, let us recall the statement we are trying to prove

\forall \epsilon >0\,\exists \,n_{0}\in \mathbb {N} :n\geq n_{0}\implies |f(x)-\sigma _{n}(f,x)|<\epsilon ,\,\forall x\in \mathbb {R}

We want to find an expression for $|\sigma _{n}(f,x)-f(x)|$ . We begin by invoking Lemma 2:

\sigma _{n}(f,x)={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(x-t)\,F_{n}(t)\,dt.

By Lemma 3a we know that

\sigma _{n}(f,x)-f(x)={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(x-t)\,F_{n}(t)\,dt-f(x)={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(x-t)\,F_{n}(t)\,dt-f(x){\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }F_{n}(t)\,dt={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }f(x)\,F_{n}(t)\,dt={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }[f(x-t)-f(x)]\,F_{n}(t)\,dt.

Applying the triangle inequality yields

|\sigma _{n}(f,x)-f(x)|=|{\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }[f(x-t)-f(x)]\,F_{n}(t)\,dt|\leq {\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }|[f(x-t)-f(x)]\,F_{n}(t)|\,dt={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }|f(x-t)-f(x)|\,|F_{n}(t)|\,dt,

and by Lemma 3b, we get

|\sigma _{n}(f,x)-f(x)|={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{-\pi }^{\pi }|f(x-t)-f(x)|\,F_{n}(t)\,dt.

We now split the integral into two parts, integrating over the two regions

|t|\leq \delta

and

\delta \leq |t|\leq \pi

|\sigma _{n}(f,x)-f(x)|=\left({\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{|t|\leq \delta }|f(x-t)-f(x)|\,F_{n}(t)\,dt\right)+\left({\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{\delta \leq |t|\leq \pi }|f(x-t)-f(x)|\,F_{n}(t)\,dt\right)

The motivation for doing so is that we want to prove that

\lim _{n\to \infty }|\sigma _{n}(f,x)-f(x)|=0

. We can do this by proving that each integral above, integral 1 and integral 2, goes to zero. This is precisely what we'll do in the next step.

We first note that the function f is continuous on [-π,π]. We invoke the theorem that every periodic function on [-π,π] that is continuous is also bounded and uniformily continuous. This means that $\forall \epsilon >0,\exists \delta >0:|x-y|\leq \delta \implies |f(x)-f(y)|\leq \epsilon$ . Hence we can rewrite the integral 1 as follows

{\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{|t|\leq \delta }|f(x-t)-f(x)|\,F_{n}(t)\,dt\leq {\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{|t|\leq \delta }\epsilon \,F_{n}(t)\,dt={\frac {1}{2\pi }}\epsilon \int _{|t|\leq \delta }\,F_{n}(t)\,dt

Because

F_{n}(x)\geq 0,\forall x\in \mathbb {R}

and

\delta \leq \pi

{\frac {1}{2\pi }}\epsilon \int _{|t|\leq \delta }\,F_{n}(t)\,dt\leq {\frac {1}{2\pi }}\epsilon \int _{-\pi }^{\pi }\,F_{n}(t)\,dt

By Lemma 3a we then get for all n

{\frac {1}{2\pi }}\epsilon \int _{-\pi }^{\pi }\,F_{n}(t)\,dt=\epsilon

This gives the desired bound for integral 1 which we can exploit in final step.

For integral 2, we note that since f is bounded, we can write this bound as $M=\sup _{-\pi \leq t\leq \pi }|f(t)|$

{\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{\delta \leq |t|\leq \pi }|f(x-t)-f(x)|\,F_{n}(t)\,dt\leq {\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{\delta \leq |t|\leq \pi }2M\,F_{n}(t)\,dt={\frac {M}{\pi }}\int _{\delta \leq |t|\leq \pi }F_{n}(t)\,dt

We are now ready to prove that

\lim _{n\to \infty }|\sigma _{n}(f,x)-f(x)|=0

. We begin by writing

|\sigma _{n}(f,x)-f(x)|\leq \epsilon \,+{\frac {M}{\pi }}\int _{\delta \leq |t|\leq \pi }F_{n}(t)\,dt

Thus,

\lim _{n\to \infty }|\sigma _{n}(f,x)-f(x)|\leq \lim _{n\to \infty }\epsilon \,+\lim _{n\to \infty }{\frac {M}{\pi }}\int _{\delta \leq |t|\leq \pi }F_{n}(t)\,dt

By Lemma 3c we know that the integral goes to 0 as n goes to infinity, and because epsilon is arbitrary, we can set it equal to 0. Hence

\lim _{n\to \infty }|\sigma _{n}(f,x)-f(x)|=0

, which completes the proof.

Modifications and Generalisations of Fejér's Theorem

In fact, Fejér's theorem can be modified to hold for pointwise convergence.^[3]

Modified Fejér's Theorem — Let $f\in L^{2}(-\pi ,\pi )$ be continuous at $x\in (-\pi ,\pi )$ , then $\sigma _{n}(f,x)$ converges pointwise as n goes to infinity.

Sadly however, the theorem does not work in a general sense when we replace the sequence $\sigma _{n}(f,x)$ with $s_{n}(f,x)$ . This is because there exist functions whose Fourier series fails to converge at some point.^[4] However, the set of points at which a function in $L^{2}(-\pi ,\pi )$ diverges has to be measure zero. This fact, called Lusins conjecture or Carleson's theorem, was proven in 1966 by L. Carleson.^[4] We can however prove a corrollary relating which goes as follows:

Corollary — Let $s_{n}\in \mathbb {C} ,\,\forall n\in \,\mathbb {Z} _{+}$ . If $s_{n}$ converges to s as n goes to infinity, then $\sigma _{n}$ converges to s as n goes to infinity.

A more general form of the theorem applies to functions which are not necessarily continuous (Zygmund 1968, Theorem III.3.4). Suppose that f is in L¹(-π,π). If the left and right limits f(x₀±0) of f(x) exist at x₀, or if both limits are infinite of the same sign, then

\sigma _{n}(x_{0})\to {\frac {1}{2}}\left(f(x_{0}+0)+f(x_{0}-0)\right).

Existence or divergence to infinity of the Cesàro mean is also implied. By a theorem of Marcel Riesz, Fejér's theorem holds precisely as stated if the (C, 1) mean σ_n is replaced with (C, α) mean of the Fourier series (Zygmund 1968, Theorem III.5.1).

References

^ Lipót Fejér, « Sur les fonctions intégrables et bornées », C.R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 10 décembre 1900, 984-987, .
^ Leopold Fejér, Untersuchungen über Fouriersche Reihen, Mathematische Annalen, vol. 58, 1904, 51-69.
^ ^a ^b "Introduction", An Introduction to Hilbert Space, Cambridge University Press, pp. 1–3, 1988-07-21, retrieved 2022-11-14
^ ^a ^b Rogosinski, W. W.; Rogosinski, H. P. (December 1965). "An elementary companion to a theorem of J. Mercer". Journal d'Analyse Mathématique. 14 (1): 311–322. doi:10.1007/bf02806398. ISSN 0021-7670.