Lynching of Mr Norman
Part of Jim Crow Era | |
Date | February 11, 1922 |
---|---|
Location | Texarkana, Miller County, Arkansas |
Participants | Four masked men claiming they were not the KKK |
Deaths | Mr. Norman |
Mr. Norman (referred to as P. Norman[1] and N. Norman[2]) was an African-American man who was lynched in Texarkana, Miller County, Arkansas by masked men on February 11, 1922. According to the 1926 report of the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, this was the 12th of 61 lynchings during 1922 in the United States. [3]
Background
Texarkana is a city that straddles the state border of Texas and Arkansas. The west of the city is in Bowie County, Texas and the east is in Miller County, Arkansas. It was developed at a 19th-century junction of two major railroads.
In February 1922, Deputy Sheriff J.R. Jordan of Texarkana was allegedly held at gunpoint by Norman and forced to drive several miles. At some point later, Norman was arrested and held at Ashdown, Arkansas.[2]
Lynching
Deputy Sheriff J.R. Jordan had driven to Ashdown, Arkansas to pick up Mr. Norman from their jail. On February 11, 1922, while returning to Texarkana, his car was stopped by masked men, near Spring Lake Park. They seized Norman from the car and took him away. The next day Norman's body was found with four gunshot wounds, left on a country road.
In addition to the lynching, a newspaper reported that "five white men were flogged, one white man seized and warned, and one negro notified in a note signed KKK to leave the city as a big clean-up was in progress.”[4]
Aftermath
After the lynching, Deputy Sheriff J.R. Jordan was indicted for murder of Norman by the Bowie County grand jury. He was released on a $3,000 ($46,500 in 2022) bond.[1]
On February 21, 1922, at 10:00 PM in the Four States Pressroom, four masked men burst in armed with guns. They handed a note to the men working there, Charles Nutter, Robert Lusk and the news editor. It read, "we are the four men who took the negro away from Mr. Jordan. We are citizens of Texarkana and intend to stay here. Find us. We are not K.K.K." [2]
National memorial
The National Memorial for Peace and Justice opened in Montgomery, Alabama, on April 26, 2018. It is devoted to the history of lynchings in the United States and memorializing the victims. The Memorial Corridor features 805 hanging steel rectangles, each representing a county where a documented lynching has taken place. Each rectangle is incised with the names of lynching victims in that county.[5] The memorial hopes that communities, like Miller County, Arkansas where Mr. Norman was lynched, will take these slabs and install them in their own communities.
See also
- Lynching of Hullen Owens - Texarkana, Texas
References
- Notes
- ^ a b Omaha Daily Bee, February 27, 1922, p. 1.
- ^ a b c The Columbia Evening Missourian, March 1, 1922, p. 6.
- ^ United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary 1926, p. 17.
- ^ Arizona Republican, February 14, 1922, p. 1.
- ^ Robertson 2018.
- Bibliography
- "Texas Grand jurors to probe lynching of Negro resident". Arizona Republican. Phoenix, Maricopa, Arizona: Republican Pub. Co. February 14, 1922. pp. 1–12. ISSN 2157-135X. OCLC 2612512. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
- "Students see masked men". The Columbia Evening Missourian. 2157-6572: Missouri Pub. Association. March 1, 1922. pp. 1–6. ISSN 2157-6572. OCLC 19559594. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
{{cite news}}
: CS1 maint: location (link) - "Texas Deputy Sheriff arrested for murder". Omaha Daily Bee. Omaha, Douglas, Nebraska: Edward Rosewater. February 27, 1922. pp. 1–8. ISSN 2169-7264. OCLC 42958170. Retrieved March 20, 2022.
- Robertson, Campbell (April 25, 2018). "A Lynching Memorial Is Opening. The Country Has Never Seen Anything Like It". The New York Times. Retrieved January 29, 2022.
- United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary (1926). "To Prevent and Punish the Crime of Lynching: Hearings Before the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary, Subcommittee on S. 121, Sixty-Ninth Congress, First Session, on Feb. 16, 1926". United States Government Publishing Office. Retrieved January 23, 2022.
- v
- t
- e
Number | Name | Date | Place | Method of lynching | Number of victims |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Bill McAllister | January 8, 1922 | Williamsburg, S.C. | Shot | 1 |
2 | Lincoln Hickson | January 8, 1922 | Williamsburg, S.C. | Shot | 1 |
3 | Willie Jenkins | January 10, 1922 | Eufaula, Alabama | Shot | 1 |
4 | Jake Brooks | January 14, 1922 | Oklahoma City, Oklahoma | Hanged | 1 |
5 | Charles Strong | January 17, 1922 | Mayo, Florida | Hanged | 1 |
6 | Will Bell | January 29, 1922 | Pontotoc, Mississippi | Shot | 1 |
7 | Unidentified | January 29, 1922 | Pontotoc, Mississippi | Shot | |
8 | Drew Conner (White) | January 28, 1922 | Bolinger, Alabama | Burned | 1 |
9 | Will Thrasher | February 1, 1922 | Crystal Springs, Mississippi | Hanged | 1 |
10 | Harry Harrison | February 2, 1922 | Malvern, Arkansas | Shot | 1 |
11 | Manuel Duarte | February 2, 1922 | Cameron County, Texas | Shot | 1 |
12 | P. Norman | February 11, 1922 | Texarkana, Arkansas | Shot | 1 |
13 | Will Jones | February 13, 1922 | Ellaville, Georgia | Shot | 1 |
14 | William Baker | March 8, 1922 | Aberdeen, Mississippi | Hanged | 1 |
15 | Alfred Williams | March 12, 1922 | Harlem, Georgia | Hanged | 1 |
16 | Brown Culpepper (White) | March 13, 1922 | Holly Grove, Louisiana | Shot | 1 |
17 | Jerry Ingram | March 17, 1922 | Crawford, Mississippi | Shot | 1 |
18 | Unidentified (white) | March 19, 1922 | Okay, Oklahoma | Drowned | 1 |
19 | Alexander Smith | March 22, 1922 | Gulfport, Mississippi | Hanged | 1 |
20 | Snap Curry | May 6, 1922 | Kirvin, Texas | Burned | 1 |
21 | H. Varney (or Johnnie Cornish) | May 6, 1922 | Kirvin, Texas | Burned | 1 |
22 | Mose Jones | May 6, 1922 | Kirvin, Texas | Burned | 1 |
23 | Tom Cornish | May 8, 1922 | Kirvin, Texas | Hanged | 1 |
24 | Thomas Early | May 17, 1922 | Conroe, Texas | Burned | 1 |
25 | Charles Atkins | May 18, 1922 | Davisboro, Georgia | Burned | 1 |
26 | Hullen Owens | May 19, 1922 | Texarkana, Texas | Hanged (body burned) | 1 |
27 | Joe Winters | May 20, 1922 | Conroe, Texas | Burned | 1 |
28 | Mose Bozier | May 20, 1922 | Alleyton, Texas | Hanged | 1 |
29 | Gilbert Wilson | May 23, 1922 | Bryan, Texas | Beaten to death | 1 |
30 | Jesse Thomas | May 26, 1922 | Waco, Texas | Shot (body burned) | 1 |
31 | William Byrd | May 28, 1922 | Brentwood, Georgia | Shot (body burned) | 1 |
32 | Robert Collins | June 20, 1922 | Summit, Mississippi | Hanged | 1 |
33 | Warren Lewis | June 23, 1922 | New Dacus, Texas | Hanged | 1 |
34 | James Harvey | July 1, 1922 | Lanes Bridge, Georgia | Hanged | 1 |
35 | Joe Jordan | July 1, 1922 | Lanes Bridge, Georgia | Hanged | 1 |
36 | Philip Tankard | July 5, 1922 | Belhaven, North Carolina | Shot | 1 |
37 | Joe Pemberton | July 7, 1922 | Benton, Louisiana | Hanged | 1 |
38 | Jake "Shake" Davis | July 14, 1922 | Miller County, Georgia | Hanged | 1 |
39 | Oscar Mack | July 18, 1922 | Orange County, Florida | Hanged (False report, Oscar Mack survived) | 1 |
40 | Will Anderson | July 24, 1922 | Allentown, Georgia | Shot | 1 |
41 | John West | July 28, 1922 | Guernsey, Arkansas | Shot | 1 |
42 | Gilbert Harris | August 1, 1922 | Hot Springs, Arkansas | Hanged | 1 |
43 | John Glover | August 1, 1922 | Holton, | Shot | 1 |
44 | Bayner Blackwell | August 6, 1922 | Swansboro, North Carolina | Shot | 1 |
45 | John Steelman | August 23, 1922 | Lambert, Mississippi | Burned | 1 |
46 | Thomas Rivers | August 30, 1922 | Bossier Parish, Louisiana | Hanged | 1 |
47 | F. Watt Daniels (White) | August 1922 | Mer Rouge, Louisiana | Ku-Klux Klan | 1 |
48 | Thomas F. Richards (White) | August 1922 | Mer Rouge, Louisiana | Ku-Klux Klan | 1 |
49 | Jim Reed Long | September 2, 1922 | Winder, Georgia | Ku-Klux Klan | 1 |
50 | O.J. Johnson | September 7, 1922 | Newton, Texas | Hanged | 1 |
51 | Jim Johnston | September 28, 1922 | Sandersville, Georgia | Hanged | 1 |
52 | Grover C. Everett | September 28, 1922 | Abilene, Texas | Shot | 1 |
53 | John Brown | October 3, 1922 | Montgomery, Alabama | Shot | 1 |
54 | Ed Hartley (white) | October 20, 1922 | Camden, Tennessee | Shot | 1 |
55 | George Hartley (white) | October 20, 1922 | Camden, Tennessee | Shot | 1 |
56 | Elias V. Zarate | November 11, 1922 | Weslaco, Texas | Shot | 1 |
57 | Cupid Dickson / Cubrit Dixon | December 5, 1922 | Madison, Florida | Shot | 1 |
58 | Charles Wright | December 8 ,1922 | Perry, Florida | Burned | 1 |
59 | Less Smith | December 9, 1922 | Morrilton, Arkansas | Burned | 1 |
60 | George Gay | December 11, 1922 | Streetman, Texas | Hanged | 1 |
61 | Arthur Young | December 11, 1922 | Perry, Florida | Hanged | 1 |