Speculative Store Bypass
Processor security vulnerability
Speculative Store Bypass (SSB) (CVE-2018-3639) is the name given to a hardware security vulnerability and its exploitation that takes advantage of speculative execution in a similar way to the Meltdown and Spectre security vulnerabilities.[1] It affects the ARM, AMD and Intel families of processors. It was discovered by researchers at Microsoft Security Response Center and Google Project Zero (GPZ).[2] After being leaked on 3 May 2018 as part of a group of eight additional Spectre-class flaws provisionally named Spectre-NG,[3][4][5][6] it was first disclosed to the public as "Variant 4" on 21 May 2018, alongside a related speculative execution vulnerability designated "Variant 3a".[7][1]
Details
Speculative execution exploit Variant 4,[8] is referred to as Speculative Store Bypass (SSB),[1][9] and has been assigned CVE-2018-3639.[7] SSB is named Variant 4, but it is the fifth variant in the Spectre-Meltdown class of vulnerabilities.[7]
Steps involved in exploit:[1]
- "Slowly" store a value at a memory location
- "Quickly" load that value from that memory location
- Utilize the value that was just read to disrupt the cache in a detectable way
Impact and mitigation
Intel claims that web browsers that are already patched to mitigate Spectre Variants 1 and 2 are partially protected against Variant 4.[7] Intel said in a statement that the likelihood of end users being affected was "low" and that not all protections would be on by default due to some impact on performance.[10] The Chrome JavaScript team confirmed that effective mitigation of Variant 4 in software is infeasible, in part due to performance impact.[11]
Intel is planning to address Variant 4 by releasing a microcode patch that creates a new hardware flag named Speculative Store Bypass Disable (SSBD).[7][2][12] A stable microcode patch is yet to be delivered, with Intel suggesting that the patch will be ready "in the coming weeks"[needs update].[7] Many operating system vendors will be releasing software updates to assist with mitigating Variant 4;[13][2][14] however, microcode/firmware updates are required for the software updates to have an effect.[13]
Speculative execution exploit variants
| Vulnerability | CVE | Exploit name | Public vulnerability name | CVSS v2.0 | CVSS v3.0 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Spectre | 2017-5753 | Variant 1 | Bounds Check Bypass (BCB) | 4.7 | 5.6 |
| Spectre | 2017-5715 | Variant 2 | Branch Target Injection (BTI) | 4.7 | 5.6 |
| Meltdown | 2017-5754 | Variant 3 | Rogue Data Cache Load (RDCL) | 4.7 | 5.6 |
| Spectre-NG | 2018-3640 | Variant 3a | Rogue System Register Read (RSRR[18]) | 4.7 | 5.6 |
| Spectre-NG | 2018-3639 | Variant 4 | Speculative Store Bypass (SSB) | 4.9 | 5.5 |
| Spectre-NG | 2018-3665 | Lazy FP State Restore | 4.7 | 5.6 | |
| Spectre-NG | 2018-3693 | Bounds Check Bypass Store (BCBS) | 4.7 | 5.6 | |
| Foreshadow | 2018-3615 | Variant 5 | L1 Terminal Fault (L1TF) | 5.4 | 6.4 |
| Foreshadow-NG | 2018-3620 | 4.7 | 5.6 | ||
| Foreshadow-NG | 2018-3646 | 4.7 | 5.6 |
References
- ^ a b c d Bright, Peter (2018-05-22). "Predictable problems - New speculative-execution vulnerability strikes AMD, ARM, and Intel". Ars Technica. Archived from the original on 2018-05-26. Retrieved 2018-05-25.
- ^ a b c Ubuntu Community (2018-05-21). "Variant4". Archived from the original on 2018-05-22. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
- ^ Schmidt, Jürgen (2018-05-03). "Super-GAU für Intel: Weitere Spectre-Lücken im Anflug". c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). Heise Online. Archived from the original on 2018-05-05. Retrieved 2018-05-03. Schmidt, Jürgen (2018-05-03). "Exclusive: Spectre-NG - Multiple new Intel CPU flaws revealed, several serious". c't - magazin für computertechnik. Heise Online. Archived from the original on 2018-05-05. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
- ^ Fischer, Martin (2018-05-03). "Spectre-NG: Intel-Prozessoren von neuen hochriskanten Sicherheitslücken betroffen, erste Reaktionen von AMD und Intel". c't - magazin für computertechnik (in German). Heise Online. Archived from the original on 2018-05-05. Retrieved 2018-05-04.
- ^ Tung, Liam (2018-05-04). "Are 8 new 'Spectre-class' flaws about to be exposed? Intel confirms it's readying fixes". ZDNet. Archived from the original on 2018-05-22. Retrieved 2018-03-04.
- ^ Kumar, Mohit (2018-05-04). "8 New Spectre-Class Vulnerabilities (Spectre-NG) Found in Intel CPUs". The Hacker News. Archived from the original on 2018-05-05. Retrieved 2018-05-05.
- ^ a b c d e f g "Q2 2018 Speculative Execution Side Channel Update". Intel. 2018-05-21. Archived from the original on 2018-05-22. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
- ^ Warren, Tom (2018-05-21). "Google and Microsoft disclose new CPU flaw, and the fix can slow machines down - New firmware updates are on the way". The Verge. Archived from the original on 2018-05-26. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
- ^ Martindale, Jon (2018-05-22). "New Spectre-like bug could mean more performance-degrading patches". Digital Trends. Archived from the original on 2018-05-26. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
- ^ Newman, Lily Hay (2018-05-21). "After Meltdown and Spectre, Another Scary Chip Flaw Emerges". Wired. Archived from the original on 2018-05-26. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
- ^ "A year with Spectre: a V8 perspective". 2019-04-23. Retrieved 2019-04-23.
- ^ "Speculative Execution Side Channel Mitigations" (PDF). Revision 2.0. Intel. May 2018 [January 2018]. Document Number: 336996-002. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
- ^ a b "Kernel Side-Channel Attack using Speculative Store Bypass - CVE-2018-3639". RedHat. 2018-05-21. Resolve tab. Archived from the original on 2018-05-22. Retrieved 2018-05-22.
- ^ Miller, Matt. "Analysis and mitigation of speculative store bypass (CVE-2018-3639)". Microsoft Security Response Center. Speculative store bypass disable (SSBD) section. Archived from the original on 2018-05-22. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
- ^ "Vulnerability Note VU#180049 - CPU hardware utilizing speculative execution may be vulnerable to cache side-channel attacks". CERT. 2018-05-24 [2018-05-21]. Archived from the original on 2018-05-26. Retrieved 2018-05-26.
- ^ Windeck, Christof (2018-05-21). "CPU-Sicherheitslücken Spectre-NG: Updates rollen an Update". Heise Security (in German). Archived from the original on 2018-05-21. Retrieved 2018-05-21.
- ^ "NVD - Cve-2017-5753".
- ^ Sometimes misspelled "RSRE"
See also
External links
- Website detailing the Meltdown and Spectre vulnerabilities, hosted by Graz University of Technology
- Google Project Zero write-up
- Meltdown/Spectre Checker Gibson Research Corporation
- v
- t
- e
Speculative execution security vulnerabilities
- Bounds Check Bypass (Spectre, Variant 1)
- Bounds Check Bypass Store (Spectre-NG)
- Branch Target Injection (Spectre, Variant 2)
- Downfall
- Foreshadow
- Lazy FP state restore (Spectre-NG)
- Load value injection
- Microarchitectural Data Sampling
- Pacman
- Retbleed
- Rogue Data Cache Load (Meltdown, Variant 3)
- Rogue System Register Read (Spectre-NG, Variant 3a)
- Speculative Store Bypass (Spectre-NG, Variant 4)
- Spoiler
