Croonian Lecture

Retrato de William Croone, pintado por Mary Beale em 1680

As Croonian Lectures são prestigiadas palestras apresentadas a convite da Royal Society e do Royal College of Physicians.[1]

Entre os documentos de William Croone em sua morte em 1684, havia um plano para dotar financeiramente um ciclo de conferências da Royal Society e do Royal College of Physicians. Sua mulher providenciou a doação em 1701, especificando que a mesma seria "para o suporte de uma palestra e experimentos ilustrativos para o avanço do conhecimento natural sobre movimento local, ou (condicionalmente) de tais outros assuntos como, na opinião do então presidente, deve ser de melhor uso em promover os assuntos para os quais a Royal Society foi instituída". Uma conferência deve ser apresentada por um fellow do Royal College of Physicians (RCP) e a outra, sobre a natureza e leis do movimento muscular, a ser apresentada frente à Royal Society. A série de conferências da Royal Society começou em 1738 e a do Royal College of Physicians em 1749.[2]

Croone tornou-se fellow original da Royal Society em maio de 1663.[3] Também tornou-se um dos fellows originais do College of Physicians em 29 de julho de 1675. Foi apontado lecturer de anatomia no Surgeon's hall em 1670 e realizou pesquisas em diversas áreas importantes de sua época, incluindo respiração, movimento muscular e geração.

Lista de lecturers (Royal Society – para lecturers do RCP ver abaixo)

Fonte: Royal Society

Século XVIII

Fonte:[4]

  • 1738 Alexander Stuart, On the Motion of the Heart
  • 1739 Frank Nicholls, An Enquiry into Muscular Motion
  • 1740 Alexander Stuart, On the Peristaltic Motion of the Intestines. Microscopial Observations on several parts of live Frogs.
  • 1741 James Douglas, Description of the several Muscles, Membranes and parts belonging to the Uvula of the Palate, and concerned in its action; as also of the several parts subservient to the uses of the Tuba Eustachiana
  • 1742 James Douglas, (read by William Douglas) Description and Structure of the Human Bladder, with the Uses of its Muscles and Membranes.
  • 1743 No lecture
  • 1744 James Parsons, An Introductory Discourse on Muscular Motion
  • 1745 James Parsons, On Muscular Motion
  • 1746 James Parsons, Description of the several Muscles of the Face; with their particular Functions and Uses
  • 1747 Browne Langrish, On the Theory of Muscular Motion
  • 1748 – 1749 No lecture
  • 1750 James Parsons, On Muscular Motion
  • 1751 James Parsons, Critical Remarks upon the Motion and Uses of the Human Pelvis.
  • 1752 – 1753 Not recorded
  • 1754 – 1758 Charles Morton
  • 1759 – 1760 Not recorded
  • 1761 Charles Morton
  • 1762 – 1774 Not recorded
  • 1775 – 1780 John Hunter
  • 1781 John Hunter, On the Construction and Application of Muscles and the Power by which they are actuated
  • 1782 John Hunter, On the Density and Firmness of a Muscle as contributing to its Strength and Agility.
  • 1783 Not recorded
  • 1784 Samuel Foart Simmons, On the Irritability of the Muscular Fibres
  • 1785 Edward Whitaker Gray, An Examination into Hallers Theory of Muscular Motion.
  • 1786 Edward Whitaker Gray, On the Effects of different kinds of Salts applied as Stimulants on the Muscles
  • 1787 George Fordyce, On Muscular Motion
  • 1788 Gilbert Blane, On the Nature of the Muscles, and on the Theory of Muscular Motion.
  • 1789 William Blizard, On the Theory of Muscular Motion
  • 1790 Everard Home, On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular Motion.
  • 1791 Matthew Baillie, A general view of the Nature of the Muscles, and an enumeration of the most striking facts connected with the Theory of their Motion.
  • 1792 Not recorded
  • 1793 Everard Home, On Mr. Hunters Experiments to ascertain whether the Crystalline Humour of the Eye be muscular
  • 1794 Everard Home, On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye
  • 1795 Everard Home, On the Mechanism employed in producing Muscular Motion.
  • 1796 Everard Home, On the Crystalline Humour of the Eye
  • 1797 John Abernethy, A general Review of the latest opinions relative to Animal Life and Motion.
  • 1798 Everard Home, Experiments and Observations upon the Structure of Nerves.
  • 1799 Everard Home, On the Structure and Uses of the Membrana Tympani.
  • 1800 Everard Home, On the Irritability of Nerves

Século XIX

Fonte (1801–30):[4]

  • 1801 Everard Home, On the power of the Eye to adjust itself to different distances when deprived of the Crystalline Lens
  • 1802 Not recorded
  • 1803 John Pearson, On Muscular Motion
  • 1804 Anthony Carlisle, On Muscular Motion.
  • 1805 Anthony Carlisle, On the Arrangement and Mechanical Action of the Muscles of Fishes.
  • 1806 John Pearson, Remarks on Muscular Power, and on some of the circumstances by which it is increased, diminished or finally abolished
  • 1807 Anthony Carlisle, On the Natural History and Chemical Analysis of the substances which constitute the Muscles of Animals
  • 1808 Thomas Young, On the Functions of the Heart and Arteries
  • 1809 William Hyde Wollaston, Observations on the Mode of Action of Voluntary Muscles, and on the causes which derange, and assist, the Action of the Heart and Blood Vessels
  • 1810 Benjamin Collins Brodie, Physiological Researches, respecting the Influence of the Brain on the Action of the Heart, and on the Generation of Animal Heat.
  • 1811 – 1812 Not recorded
  • 1813 Benjamin Collins Brodie, On the Influence of the Nervous System on the Action of the Muscles in general and of the Heart in particular
  • 1814 –1816 Not recorded
  • 1817 Everard Home, On the Changes the Blood undergoes in the act of Coagulation.
  • 1818 Everard Home, On the conversion of Pus into Granulations, or new flesh.
  • 1819 Everard Home, A further Investigation of the component parts of the Blood.
  • 1820 Everard Home, Microscopical Observations on the following subjects. On the Brain and Nerves; showing that the Materials of which they are composed exist in the Blood
  • 1821 Everard Home, On the Anatomical Structure of the Eye; illustrated by Microscopical Drawings, executed by F. Bauer
  • 1822 Francis Bauer, Microscopical Observations on the suspension of the Muscular Motions of the Vibrio Tritici
  • 1823 Everard Home, On the Internal Structure of the Human Brain, when examined in the Microscope, as compared with that of Fishes, Insects and Worms.
  • 1824 Everard Home, On the existence of Nerves in the Placenta
  • 1825 Everard Home, On the Structure of a Muscular Fibre from which are derived its Elongation and Contraction
  • 1826 Everard Home, An Enquiry into the mode by which the Propagation of the Species is carried on, in the Common Oyster, and in the large Fresh-water Muscle.
  • 1827 Everard Home, On the Muscles peculiar to Organs of Sense in particular Quadrupeds and Fishes
  • 1828 Not appointed
  • 1829 Everard Home, A Report on the Peculiarities met with in the Stomach of the Zariffa.
  • 1830–1850 Not appointed
  • 1851 Richard Owen, On the Megatherium
  • 1852–1856 Not appointed
  • 1857 James Paget, On the cause of the rhythmic action of the heart
  • 1858 Thomas Henry Huxley, On the theory of the vertebrate skull
  • 1859 Not appointed
  • 1860 James Bell Pettigrew, On the arrangement of the muscular fibres of the ventricular portion of the heart of the mammal
  • 1861 Charles-Édouard Brown-Séquard, On the relations between muscular irritability, cadaveric rigidity, and putrefaction
  • 1862 Albert Kölliker, On the termination of nerves in muscles, as observed in the frog: and on the disposition of the nerves in the frogs heart.
  • 1863 Joseph Lister, On the coagulation of the blood
  • 1864 Hermann Helmholtz, On the normal motions of the human eye in relation to binocular vision.
  • 1865 Lionel S. Beale, On the ultimate nerve fibres distributed to muscle and some other tissues, with observations upon the structure & probable mode of action of a nervous mechanism
  • 1866 Not appointed
  • 1867 J.S. Burdon-Sanderson, On the influence exercised by the movements of respiration on the circulation of the blood
  • 1868 –1869 Not appointed
  • 1870 Augustus V. Waller, On the results of the method (introduced by the author) of investigating the nervous system, more especially as applied to the elucidation of the functions of the pneumogastric and sympathetic nerves in man.
  • 1871 – 1872 Not appointed
  • 1873 Benjamin Ward Richardson, On muscular irritability after systemic death.
  • 1874 David Ferrier, The localization of function in the brain
  • 1875 David Ferrier, Experiments on the brain of monkeys.
  • 1876 G.J. Romanes, Preliminary observations on the locomotor system of medusae.
  • 1877 J.S. Burdon-Sanderson & F.J.M. Page, On the mechanical effects, and on the electrical disturbance consequent on excitation of the leaf of Dionea muscipula.
  • 1878 H.N. Moseley, On the structure of the Stylasteridae: a family of the hydroid stony corals
  • 1879 W.K. Parker, On the structure & development of the skull in the Lacertilia
  • 1880 Samuel Haughton, On some elementary principles in animal mechanics.
  • 1881 G.J. Romanes and J.C. Ewart, Observations on the locomotor system of Medusae.
  • 1882 W.H. Gaskell, On the rhythm of the heart of the frog, and on the nature of the action of the vagus nerve
  • 1883 H. Newell Martin, On the direct influence of gradual variations of temperature upon the rate of beat of the dogs heart
  • 1884 –1885 Not appointed
  • 1886 Leonard Charles Wooldridge, The coagulation of the blood
  • 1887 Harry Govier Seeley, On Pareiasaurus bombidens (Owen) and the significance of its affinities to amphibians, reptiles, and mammals
  • 1888 Wilhelm Friedrich Kühne, Ueber die Entstehung der vitalen Bewegung
  • 1889 Émile Roux, Les inoculations preventives (1853–1933)[5]
  • 1890 H. Marshall Ward, The relations between host and parasite in certain epidemic diseases of plants
  • 1891 Francis Gotch & Victor Horsley, On the mammalian nervous system; its functions and their localization determined by an electrical method.
  • 1892 Angelo Mosso, Les phenomenes psychiques et la temperature du cerveau.
  • 1893 Rudolf Virchow, The position of pathology among biological studies.
  • 1894 Santiago Ramon y Cajal, La fine structure des centres nerveux
  • 1895 T.W. Engelmann, On the nature of muscular contraction
  • 1896 Augustus D. Waller, Observations on isolated nerve.
  • 1897 Charles S. Sherrington, The mammalian spinal cord as an organ of reflex action.
  • 1898 Wilhelm Pfeffer, The nature and significance of functional metabolism in the plant.
  • 1899 J.S. Burdon-Sanderson, On the relation of motion in animals and plants to the electrical phenomena which are associated with it
  • 1900 Paul Ehrlich, On immunity with special reference to cell life

Século XX

  • 1901 C. Lloyd Morgan, Studies in visual sensation
  • 1902 Arthur Gamgee, On certain chemical and physical properties of haemoglobin.
  • 1903 Kliment Timiryazev, The cosmical function of the green plant
  • 1904 Ernest Henry Starling and William Maddock Bayliss, The chemical regulation of the secretory process.
  • 1905 William Bate Hardy, On the globulins
  • 1906 John Newport Langley and William Rivers, On nerve endings and on special excitable substances in cells.[6]
  • 1907 John Bretland Farmer, Structural constituents of the nucleus, and their relation to the organization of the individual
  • 1908 Gustaf Retzius, The principles of the minute structure of the nervous system as revealed by recent investigations
  • 1909 Edward Albert Schafer, The functions of the pituitary body
  • 1910 Georg Klebs, Alterations in the development and forms of plants as a result of environment
  • 1911 Thomas Gregor Brodie, A new conception of the glomerular activity
  • 1912 Keith Lucas, The process of excitation in nerve and muscle
  • 1913 Robert Broom, The origin of mammals
  • 1914 Edmund Beecher Wilson, The bearing of cytological research on heredity.
  • 1915 Walter Morley Fletcher and Frederick Gowland Hopkins, The respiratory process in muscle; and the nature of muscular motion
  • 1916 Sydney John Hickson, Evolution and symmetry in the order of the sea-pens.
  • 1917 Thomas Lewis, Upon the motion of the mammalian heart
  • 1918 Walter B. Cannon, The physiological basis of thirst
  • 1919 Henry Hallett Dale, The biological significance of anaphylaxis
  • 1920 William Bateson, Genetic segregation
  • 1921 Henry Head, Release of function in the nervous system
  • 1922 Thomas Hunt Morgan, On the mechanism of heredity
  • 1923 Frederick Frost Blackman, The problem of plant respiration considered as a catalytic process.
  • 1924 David Meredith Seares Watson, The origin of the amphibia
  • 1925 Rudolf Magnus, Animal posture
  • 1926 Archibald Vivian Hill, The laws of muscular motion
  • 1927 Hans Spemann, Organisers in animal development
  • 1928 Ivan Petrovitch Pavlov, Certain problems in the physiology of the cerebral hemispheres.
  • 1929 James Peter Hill, The developmental history of the primates
  • 1930 Jules Bordet, Theories of the bacteriophage
  • 1931 Edgar Douglas Adrian, The messages in sensory nerve fibres and their interpretation.
  • 1932 Davidson Black, The discovery of Sinanthropus
  • 1933 Ross Granville Harrison, The origin and development of the nervous system studied by the methods of experimental embryology
  • 1934 David Keilin, Mechanisms of cellular respiration
  • 1935 Joseph Barcroft, Foetal respiration
  • 1936 Francis Hugh Adam Marshall, Sexual periodicity and the causes which determine it.
  • 1937 Henry Horatio Dixon, The transport of materials in plants
  • 1938 Alfred Newton Richards, Processes of urine formation
  • 1939 James Gray, Aspects of animal locomotion
  • 1940 Schack August Steenberg Krogh, The active and passive exchange of inorganic ions through the surfaces of living cells and through living membranes generally.
  • 1941 William Whiteman Carlton Topley, The biology of epidemics
  • 1942 Lancelot Hogben, Chromatic behaviour
  • 1943 Edward Mellanby, Nutrition in relation to bone growth and the nervous system.
  • 1944 Charles Robert Harington, Thyroxine: its biosynthesis and its immuno-chemistry.
  • 1945 William Thomas Astbury, The structure of biological fibres and the problem of muscle.
  • 1946 J.B.S. Haldane, The formal genetics of Man
  • 1947 Ernest Basil Verney, The antidiuretic hormone and the factors which determine its release.
  • 1948 Vincent Brian Wigglesworth, Insects as a medium for the study of physiology.
  • 1949 Detlev Wulf Bronk, The rhythmic action and respiration of nerve cells.
  • 1950 Frank Macfarlane Burnet, The interaction of virus and cell-surface
  • 1951 Rudolph Albert Peters, Lethal synthesis
  • 1952 Carl Frederick Abel Pantin, The elementary nervous system
  • 1953 Ronald Fisher, Population genetics[7]
  • 1954 Howard Walter Florey, Mucins and the protection of the body
  • 1955 Charles Herbert Best, Dietary factors in the protection of the liver, kidneys, heart and other organs in experimental animals. The lipotropic agents.
  • 1956 Frederic Charles Bartlett, Some experiments about thinking
  • 1957 Alan Lloyd Hodgkin, Ionic movements and electrical activity in giant nerve fibres.
  • 1958 Peter Brian Medawar, The homograph reaction
  • 1959 Walter Thomas James Morgan, A contribution to human biochemical genetics: the chemical basis of blood group specificity
  • 1960 Harry Godwin, Radiocarbon dating and Quaternary history in Britain
  • 1961 Bernard Katz, The transmission of impulses from nerve to muscle, and the subcellular unit of synaptic action.
  • 1962 Frank George Young, On insulin and its action
  • 1963 Hans Adolf Krebs, Gluconeogenesis
  • 1964 George Lindor Brown, The release and fate of the transmitter liberated by adrenergic nerves
  • 1965 John Zachary Young, The organization of a memory system
  • 1966 Francis Harry Compton Crick, The genetic code
  • 1967 Andrew Fielding Huxley, The activation of striated muscle and its mechanical response.
  • 1968 Max Ferdinand Perutz, The haemoglobin molecule
  • 1969 Frederick Campion Steward, From cultured cells to whole plants: the induction and control of their growth and morphogenesis
  • 1970 Hugh Esmor Huxley, The structural basis of muscular contraction
  • 1971 Henry Harris, Cell fusion and the analysis of malignancy
  • 1972 Nikolaas Tinbergen, Functional ethology and the human sciences
  • 1973 Eric James Denton, On buoyancy and the lives of modern and fossil cephalopods.
  • 1974 Jack Heslop-Harrison, The physiology of the spore surface
  • 1975 Frederick Sanger, Nucleotide sequences
  • 1976 John Bertrand Gurdon, Egg cytoplasm and gene control in development.
  • 1977 John William Sutton Pringle, Stretch activation of muscle: function and mechanism.
  • 1978 Michael Abercrombie, Crawling movements of metazoan cells
  • 1979 Setsuro Ebashi, Regulation of muscle contraction
  • 1980 Rodney Robert Porter, The complex proteases of the complement system.
  • 1981 Harold Garnet Callan, Lampbrush chromosomes
  • 1982 Seymour Benzer, Genes, neurons and behaviour in Drosophila
  • 1983 Richard Darwin Keynes, Voltage-gated ion channels in the nerve membrane.
  • 1984 Samuel Victor Perry, Calcium and the regulation of contractile activity.
  • 1985 Robert McCredie May, When two and two do not make four: nonlinear phenomena in ecology
  • 1986 Sydney Brenner, The molecular genetics of muscle in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans.
  • 1987 Peter Dennis Mitchell, Proton-motive osmoenzyme mechanisms in cytochrome systems: variations on a theme by Keilin.
  • 1988 Michael John Berridge, Inositol lipids and calcium signalling
  • 1989 César Milstein, Antibodies, a paradigm of the biology of molecular recognition.
  • 1990 Robert Hinde, The Interdependence of the Behavioural Sciences.
  • 1991 Anthony David Bradshaw, Genostasis and the limits to evolution?
  • 1992 Jacques Miller, The key role of the thymus in the body's defence strategies.
  • 1993 John Vane, The endothelium: maestro of the blood circulation
  • 1994 Roy M. Anderson, Populations, infectious disease and immunity: a very nonlinear world.
  • 1995 Richard Southwood, Natural communities: structure and dynamics.
  • 1996 Thomas Lindahl, Endogenous damage to DNA.
  • 1997 Anthony Hunter, The phosphorylation of proteins on tyrosine: its role in cell growth and disease
  • 1998 Philip Cohen, Discovery of a protein kinase cascade of major importance in insulin signal transduction
  • 1999 Hugh Pelham, Intracellular membrane traffic: getting proteins sorted.
  • 2000 Nigel Unwin, The nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the structural basis of synaptic transmission[8]

Século XXI

  • 2001 Ronald Laskey, Hunting the antisocial cancer cell.[9]
  • 2002 Kim Nasmyth, Disseminating our genomes during mitosis and meiosis.
  • 2003 Tim Hunt, Cell growth, cell division and the problem of cancer
  • 2004 John Krebs, Risk, food, fact and fantasy[10]
  • 2005 Salvador Moncada, Adventures in vascular biology
  • 2006 Iain Campbell, Structure and the living cell[11]
  • 2007 Aaron Klug, Engineered zinc finger proteins (ZFPs) for the regulation of gene expression
  • 2008 John Pickett, Plant and Animal Communication[12]
  • 2009 Linda Partridge, The New Biology of Ageing
  • 2010 Alec Jeffries, Genetic fingerprinting and beyond
  • 2011 John Ellis, Molecular chaperones: how cells stop proteins from misbehaving
  • 2012 Tim Bliss, The Mechanics of Memory[13]
  • 2013 Frances Ashcroft, From bench to bedside: KATP channels and neonatal diabetes[14]
  • 2014 Brigid Hogan, for pioneering contributions that have transformed understanding of cell specification, organogenesis and morphogenesis in mammalian development[14]
  • 2015 Nicholas Barry Davies, for his work on the co-evolved responses of brood parasitic cuckoos and their hosts
  • 2016 Enrico Coen, for his work resulting in a new theoretical and experimental foundation for understanding how the shapes of biological structures arise through development and evolution
  • 2017 Jonathan Ashmore, for his significant contributions to the field of sensory neuroscience, shaping our current understanding of inner ear physiology[15]
  • 2018 Jennifer Doudna, Re-writing the Code of Life: CRISPR Systems and Applications of Gene Editing[16]
  • 2019 Kay Davies, for her achievements in developing a prenatal test for Duchenne muscular dystrophy and her work on characterizing dystrophin related proteins[17]

Lista de Lecturers (Royal College of Physicians)

Século XVIII

  • 1749–1755 Thomas Lawrence, De natura musculorum[18]
  • 1756 Mark Akenside[19]
  • 1758–1759 Thomas Lawrence[2]
  • 1760 William Heberden[20]
  • 1763 Richard Brocklesby[21]
  • 1770 Thomas Heald[22]
  • 1774–1775 Donald Monro[23]
  • 1781 Francis Milman[24] An Inquiry into the Source from whence the Symptoms of the Scurvy and of Putrid Fevers arise[2]
  • 1784-1786 Thomas Heald[22]
  • 1787 George Fordyce[25]
  • 1788-1790 Francis Riollay[2]
  • 1791 James Robertson Barclay[26]
  • 1793 John Ash[27]
  • 1795 John Latham[28]
  • 1796-1798 Matthew Baillie[29]
  • 1799–1801 John Hunter[2]

Século XIX

  • 1802–1804 Edward Roberts[30]
  • 1812–1813 James Haworth[2]
  • 1814–1816 William Lambe[2]
  • 1817–1818 George William Carrey[2]
  • 1819–1821 John Cooke, On the Nature and Uses of the Nervous System: in Treatise of Nervous Diseases[2]
  • 1822–1823 Thomas Young[2]
  • 1827 Grant David Yeats, On the Colon[2]
  • 1828–1829 Francis Hawkins[2]
  • 1831 Edward James Seymour,[31] On the Medical Treatment of Insanity
  • 1832 George Leith Roupell, General Pathology[2]
  • 1833 George Leith Roupell, On Cholera[32]
  • 1835–36 George Burrows[33]
  • 1838-39 John Clendinning on the Heart[34]
  • 1841 Benjamin Guy Babington[35]
  • 1842
  • 1843 Robert Bentley Todd, Practical Remarks on Gout, Rheumatic Fever and Chronic Rheumatism of the Joints[36]
  • 1844–1846 James Copland[2]
  • 1847 George Budd[31]
  • 1848
  • 1849 John Conolly, Some of the Forms of Insanity[37]
  • 1850 Marshall Hall, The Diastaltic Nervous System[38]
  • 1852 Marshall Hall, On Apoplexy and Epilepsy[39]
  • 1853 Thomas Mayo, Medical Testimony and Evidence in Cases of Lunacy[40]
  • 1854 Charles West, Pathological Importance of Ulceration of the Os Uteri
  • 1855 Patrick Black[31]
  • 1856 G. Owen Rees, On Calculous Disease and its Consequences[41]
  • 1857
  • 1858 Alexander John Sutherland, On the Pathology, Morbid Anatomy, and Treatment of Insanity[42]
  • 1859 William Brinton, On Intestinal Obstruction[43]
  • 1860 William Augustus Guy, The Numerical Method and its Application to the Science and Art of Medicine[44]
  • 1861
  • 1862 Robert Lee[2]
  • 1863 James Risdon Bennett, On some Points connected with Bronchitis and its Results
  • 1864 William Richard Basham, Dropsy: its Significance as a Symptom in Renal, Cardiac and Hepatic Disease
  • 1865 Thomas B. Peacock, Some of the Causes and Effects of Valvular Disease of the Heart[45]
  • 1866 Edward Henry Sieveking, Localisation of Disease[46]
  • 1867 Andrew Clark on Chronic Pulmonary Phthisis[47]
  • 1868 Henry Bence Jones, On Matter and Force[48]
  • 1869 John William Ogle[49]
  • 1870 Francis Sibson, Aneurisms of the Aorta[50]
  • 1871 Edmund Alexander Parkes, Some Points connected with the Elimination of Nitrogen from the Human Body[51][52]
  • 1872 John Syer Bristowe, On Disease and its Medical Treatment[53]
  • 1873 Charles Bland Radcliffe, Mind, Brain, and Spinal Cord, in Certain Morbid Conditions[54]
  • 1874 Charles Murchison, Functional Derangements of the Liver[55]
  • 1875 Edward Headlam Greenhow, On Addison's Disease[56]
  • 1876 William Howship Dickinson, The Pathology and Relations of Albuminuria[57]
  • 1877 J. Braxton Hicks, On the Difference between the Sexes in Regard to the Aspect and Treatment of Disease[58]
  • 1878 Frederick William Pavy, A New Departure in Diabetes[59]
  • 1879 William H Stone, On some Applications of Physics to Medicine[60]
  • 1880 William Cayley, On Some Points in the Pathology and Treatment of Typhoid Fever[61]
  • 1881 Walter Moxon, The Influence of the Circulation upon the Nervous System[62]
  • 1882 Joseph Fayrer, The Climate and Fevers of India[63]
  • 1883 James Edward Pollock, Modern Theories and Treatment of Phthisis[64]
  • 1884 John Hughlings Jackson, Evolution and Dissolution of the Nervous System[65]
  • 1885 Hermann David Weber, Hygienic and Climatic Treatment of chronic pulmonary Phthisis.[66]
  • 1886 Peter Wallwork Latham, Some Points in the Pathology of Rheumatism, Gout, and Diabetes[67]
  • 1887 William Henry Broadbent, The Pulse[68]
  • 1888 Donald MacAlister, On Antipyretics[69]
  • 1889 T. Lauder Brunton, Chemical Structure of Physiological Action[70]
  • 1890 David Ferrier, Cerebral Localisation[71]
  • 1891 J.S. Burdon-Sanderson, On the Progress of Discovery Relating to the Origin and Nature of Infectious Diseases[72]
  • 1892 William Roberts, Chemistry and Therapeutics of Uric Acid Gravel and Gout[73]
  • 1893 Daniel John Leech, Pharmacological Action and Therapeutic Uses of the Nitrites and allied compounds[74]
  • 1894 Frederick William Pavy, On a New Departure in Diabetes[75]
  • 1895 William Marcet, Contribution to the History of the Respiration of Man[76]
  • 1896 George Oliver, A Contribution to the Study of the Blood and the Circulation[77]
  • 1897 W. Hale White, Means by which the Temperature of the Body is Maintained[78]
  • 1898 Sidney Harris Cox Martin, Chemical Products of Pathogenic Bacteria Considered with Special Reference to Enteric Fever.[79]
  • 1899 John Buckley Bradbury, On some Points Connected with Sleep, Sleeplessness, and Hypnotics[80]
  • 1900 Frederick Walker Mott, Degeneration of the Neurone[81]

Século XX

  • 1901 William Dobinson Halliburton, Chemical Side of Nervous Activity[82]
  • 1902 John W. Washbourn, Natural History and Pathology of Pneumonia[83] (delivered by W. Hale White)
  • 1903 Charles Edward Beevor, On Muscular Movements and their Representation in the Central Nervous System[84]
  • 1904 John Rose Bradford, Bright's Disease and its Varieties[85]
  • 1905 Ernest Henry Starling, On the chemical correlation of the functions of the body[86]
  • 1906 William Halse Rivers, The influence of Alcohol and Other Drugs on Fatigue
  • 1907 William John Simpson, On Plague[87]
  • 1908 Archibald Garrod, Inborn Errors of Metabolism[88]
  • 1909 Walter Sydney Lazarus-Barlow, Radioactivity and Carcinoma[89]
  • 1910 Frederick William Andrewes, Behaviour of the Leucocytes in Infection and Immunity[90]
  • 1911 Henry Head, Release of function of the nervous system[91]
  • 1912 Leonard S Dudgeon, The Pathology of Immunity[92]
  • 1913 Charles Sherrington, Inhibition as an Element in Co-ordination[93][94]
  • 1914 Edwin Goodall, Modern Aspects of Certain Problems in the Pathology of Mental Disorders[95]
  • 1915 David Bruce, On Trypanosomes Causing Disease in Man and Domestic Animals in Central Africa[96]
  • 1916
  • 1917 John George Adami, On Adaptation and Disease[97]
  • 1918 Walter Langdon-Brown, The Sympathetic Nervous System in Disease
  • 1919 G. Elliot Smith, On the Significancs of the Cerebral Cortex[98]
  • 1920 Arthur Frederick Hurst, Psychology of the Special Senses and Their Functional Disorders[99]
  • 1921 Frederick Lucien Golla, The Objective Study of Neurosis[100]
  • 1922 Gordon Morgan Holmes, Cerebellar Disease[101]
  • 1923 John Beresford Leathes, The Role of Fats in Vital Phenomena[102]
  • 1924 Leonard Rogers, on Researches in Leprosy[103]
  • 1925 Samuel Alexander Kinnier Wilson, On some Disorders of Motility and of Muscle Tone
  • 1926 Thomas Lewis, The Blood Vessels of the Human Skin[104]
  • 1927
  • 1928 Charles Bolton, The Interpretation of Gastric Symptoms[105]
  • 1929 Henry Hallett Dale, On Some Chemical Factors in the Control of the Circulation
  • 1930 Charles James Martin, Thermal Adjustment of Man and Animals to External Conditions[106]
  • 1931 Matthew J. Stewart, Precancerous Lesions of the Alimentary Tract [107]
  • 1932 John Willian McNee, Liver and Spleen; their Clinical and Pathological Relations[108]
  • 1933 Edward Mellanby, Nutrition and Disease: the Interaction of Clinical and Experimental Work[109]
  • 1934 Owen Lambert Vaughan Simpkinson de Wesselow, on arterial hypertension[110]
  • 1935 Edmund Spriggs, A Clinical Study of Headaches
  • 1936 Bernard Spilsbury, Doctrine of Inflammation
  • 1937 Edwin Bramwell, Clinical Reflections upon Muscles, Movements, and the Motor Path
  • 1938 Francis Fraser, Clinical Aspects of the Transmission of the Effects of Nervous Impulses by Acetylcholine[111]
  • 1939 John Alfred Ryle[112]
  • 1940 George Graham, The Role of the Liver in Diabetes Mellitus[113]
  • 1941 Sir Arthur William Mickle Ellis, The Natural History of Bright's Disease[114]
  • 1942 Donald Hunter, Industrial Toxicology
  • 1943 Charles Putnam Symonds, Response to Flying Stress: Foundations of Confidence[115]
  • 1944 Thomas Lionel Hardy, Order and Disorder in the Large Intestine
  • 1945 McDonald Critchley, Problems of Naval Warfare under Climatic Extremes
  • 1946 Hugh Leslie Marriott, Water and Salt Depletion[116]
  • 1947 Edward Rowan Boland, The Administration of Medicine
  • 1948 Desmond Curran, Prefrontal Leucotomy[117]
  • 1949 Neil Hamilton-Fairley, Malaria with Special Reference to Recent Experimental Clinical and Chemotherapeutic Investigations
  • 1950 Archibald Edmund Clark-Kennedy, The Patient and his Disease
  • 1951 Theodore F. Fox on Professional Freedom
  • 1952 Eric Benjamin Strauss[118]
  • 1953 Allen Daley, The Place of the Hospital in a National Health Service[119]
  • 1954 J. Forest Smith, Nutrition and Child Health
  • 1956 Arthur H.Douthwaite, Pitfalls in Medicine
  • 1957 George W. Pickering, The Regulation of Body temperature in Sickness and in Health
  • 1958 Paul Wood, The Eisenmenger Syndrome, or Pulmonary Hypertension with Reversed Central Shunt
  • 1959 Frank McFarlane Burnet, Auto-Immune Disease[120]
  • 1960 Derek Ernest Denny-Brown[121]
  • 1961 John McMichael, Reorientations in Hypertensive Disorders[122]
  • 1962 Charles Herbert Stuart-Harris, The Viruses of Human Diseases[123]
  • 1963 W. Melville Arnott, The Lungs in Mitral Stenosis[124]
  • 1963 Lord Cohen of Birkenhead[125]
  • 1965
  • 1968 Eric George Lapthorne Bywaters
  • 1969 Francis Avery Jones, Problems of Alimentary Bleeding[126]
  • 1970 Sir Ronald Bodley-Scott[127]
  • 1971 John F. Brock, Nature, Nurture and Stress in Health and Disease[128]
  • 1972
  • 1973 Graham W. Hayward, Infective Endocarditis – A Changing Disease[129]
  • 1974 Richard Bayliss, Idiopathic Oedema of Women[130]
  • 1975 William Neville Mann, Biliary cirrhosis: an appraisal[131]
  • 1976 John David Nunes Nabarro, Hormone Secreting Pituitary Tumours
  • 1977 Ivor H. Mills, The Natriuretic Hormone Cascade
  • 1978 John Peter Tizard, Cerebral palsies: treatment and prevention
  • 1979 William Stanley Peart, Concepts in Hypertension
  • 1980 Anthony F. Lever, Sodium in Hypertension
  • 1981 John H. Humphrey, The Value of Immunological Concepts in Medicine[132]
  • 1982 Leonard Birnie Strang
  • 1983 John Charles Batten
  • 1984 David John Weatherall, Human genetics
  • 1985
  • 1988 David Hull, The Viable Child
  • 1989 Leslie Turnberg, Cellular basis of diarrhoea[133]
  • 1990 Johannes Joseph van Rood
  • 1991
  • 1992 Charles Nicholas Hales, The aetiology of non-insulin-dependent diabetes
  • 1993
  • 1994 Baruch Samuel Blumberg, Complex Interactions of Hepatitis B with its Host and Environment
  • 1995 Ravinder Nath Maini, The role of cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis
  • 1996 David Alan Warrell, Pathophysiology and treatment of malignant tertian malaria[134]
  • 1997 Bruce Anthony John Ponder, RET: one gene, many syndromes[135]
  • 1998 Michael J. G. Farthing, Bugs and guts: it's good to talk?[135]
  • 1999 John A Camm, Intracellular membrane traffic: getting proteins sorted[136][137]

Século XXI

  • 2000 John Connell, Regulation of the corticosteroid phenotype in humans - implications in the pathogenesis of asthma[138]
  • 2001 Elwyn Elias, Hepato-canalicular cholestasis – its mechanisms, causes and consequences[135]
  • 2002 Humphrey Hodgson, Liver cells - biology to therapeutics[135]
  • 2003 David Barker, Coronary heart disease and type 2 diabetes: disorders of growth[139]
  • 2004 Alastair Compston, The marvellous harmony of the nervous parts':The origins of multiple sclerosis[140]
  • 2005 David A.Lomas, Molecular mousetraps, a -antitrypsin deficiency and the serpinopathies[141]
  • 2006 Peter John Ratcliffe, Understanding hypoxia signalling in cells; a new therapeutic opportunity?[141]
  • 2007 Peter J. Goadsby, Bench to bedside: headache 2007[135]
  • 2008 Martin Neil Rossor, Dementia – global or modular?[135]
  • 2009 Peter John Barnes, Reversing steroid resistance in inflammatory diseases: a novel therapeutic strategy[135]
  • 2010 Sir Gordon Duff, Challenges in the development of innovative medicines[135]
  • 2011 Stephen O'Rahilly, Obesity and its metabolic consequences: lessons from the extremes[142]
  • 2012 Marc Feldmann, Development of anti cytokine therapy and its future potential[143]
  • 2013 Peter Openshaw, Disease mechanisms revealed by studies of pandemic influenza[144]
  • 2016 Pamela Shaw,Translational neuroscience approach to developing new effective treatments for Motor Neurone Disease[145]

Referências

  1. ↑ «Croonian Medal and Lecture». Royal Society. Consultado em 26 de maio de 2016 
  2. ↑ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o The roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, comprising biographical sketches of all the eminent physicians whose names are recorded in the Annals .. (Volume 3). [S.l.]: Royal College of Physicians  ebook
  3. ↑ «Lists of Royal Society Fellows 1660–2007» (PDF). Londres: The Royal Society. Consultado em 26 de maio de 2016 
  4. ↑ a b Hudson, James. Report on the Adjudication of the Copley, Rumford and Royal Medals. [S.l.: s.n.] p. 48 
  5. ↑ Roux, M. (1889). «The Croonian Lecture on Preventive Inoculation». BMJ. 1 (1484): 1269–74. PMC 2155160Acessível livremente. PMID 20752718. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1484.1269 
  6. ↑ Haddon, Alfred C.; Bartlett, F. C.; Fegan, Ethel S. (julho de 1922). «61. William Halse Rivers Rivers, M.D., F.R.S., President of the Royal Anthropological Institute, Born 1864, Died June 4th, 1922». Royal Anthropological Institute of Great Britain and Ireland. Man. 22: 97–104. JSTOR 2840503 
  7. ↑ Croonian Lecture: Population Genetics by Ronald Fisher, published by The Royal Society Publishing
  8. ↑ Unwin, N. (dezembro de 2000). «The Croonian Lecture 2000. Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and the structural basis of fast synaptic transmission». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 355 (1404): 1813–29. PMC 1692909Acessível livremente. PMID 11205343. doi:10.1098/rstb.2000.0737 
  9. ↑ Laskey, R. (junho de 2005). «The Croonian Lecture 2001: Hunting the antisocial cancer cell: MCM proteins and their exploitation». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 360 (1458): 1119–32. PMC 1569504Acessível livremente. PMID 16147513. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1656 
  10. ↑ Krebs, John R. (junho de 2005). «The Croonian Lecture 2004 Risk: food, fact and fantasy». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 360 (1458): 1133–44. PMC 1569505Acessível livremente. PMID 16147514. doi:10.1098/rstb.2005.1665 
  11. ↑ Campbell, Iain D. (2008). «The Croonian lecture 2006 Structure of the living cell». Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 363 (1502): 2379–91. PMC 1955230Acessível livremente. PMID 17255009. doi:10.1098/rstb.2006.1960 
  12. ↑ «Plant and animal communication». Royal Society. 2009 
  13. ↑ «The mechanics of memory». The Royal Society 
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  15. ↑ «Croonian Medal and Lecture-Croonian Medallist 2017». Royal Society. Consultado em 7 de dezembro de 2016 
  16. ↑ «Re-writing the Code of Life: CRISPR Systems and Applications of Gene Editing». Royal Society. Consultado em 11 de outubro de 2018 
  17. ↑ «Croonian Medal and Lecture winner 2019». Royal Society. Consultado em 11 de outubro de 2018 
  18. ↑ «AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Physicians: Lawrence, Thomas (1711–1783)». Aim25.ac.uk 
  19. ↑ «Munks Roll Details for Mark Akenside». Munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk 
  20. ↑ Jay, V. (dezembro de 2000). «The legacy of William Heberden». Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine. 124 (12): 1750–1. PMID 11100049. doi:10.1043/0003-9985(2000)124<1751:TLOWH>2.0.CO;2 
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  22. ↑ a b «Heald University Alumni and Clergy, UK». Healds.org.uk 
  23. ↑ Google Books. [S.l.]: Books.google.co.uk. 7 de maio de 2007 
  24. ↑ The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, Volume 2. 2. [S.l.]: Royal College of Physicians. p. 270 
  25. ↑ Coley, N.G. (setembro de 2001). «George Fordyce M.D., F.R.S. (1736–1802): physician-chemist and eccentric». Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London. 55 (3): 395–409. PMID 11713784. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2001.0154 
  26. ↑ The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, Volume 2. 2. [S.l.]: Royal College of Physicians. p. 319 
  27. ↑ «AIM25 collection description». Aim25.ac.uk 
  28. ↑ «Munks Roll Details for John Latham». Munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk 
  29. ↑ «AIM25 collection description». Aim25.ac.uk 
  30. ↑ The Roll of the Royal College of Physicians of London, Volume 2. 2. [S.l.]: Royal College of Physicians. p. 369 
  31. ↑ a b c «Administrators,Physicians and Surgeons who served during the ship era» (PDF). Arquivado do original (PDF) em 15 de julho de 2011 
  32. ↑ Coley, N.G. (dezembro de 2001). «Early blood chemistry in Britain and France». Clinical Chemistry. 47 (12): 2166–78. PMID 11719488 
  33. ↑ «Munks Roll Details for Sir George Burrows». Munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk 
  34. ↑ London Medical Gazette: Or, Journal of Practical Medicine, Volume 25. [S.l.: s.n.] 1839 
  35. ↑ «Lives of the Fellows-Benjamin Guy Babington». Royal College of Physicians 
  36. ↑ «Practical remarks on gout, rheumatic fever, and chronic rheumatism of the joints». Yale University Library. Arquivado do original em 16 de julho de 2011 
  37. ↑ «Second Pan-American Congress of the History of Medicine, June, 1961». Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. XV (4): 431–b. 1960. doi:10.1093/jhmas/XV.4.431-b 
  38. ↑ Pearce, J.M. (dezembro de 1997). «The life and work of Marshall Hall». QJM. 90 (12): 801–3. PMID 9536346. doi:10.1093/qjmed/90.12.801 
  39. ↑ Hall, Marshall (1852). «On Apoplexy and Epilepsy; and on an Hospital for Epileptics». The Lancet. 59 (1495): 395–397. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)60872-4 
  40. ↑ «Munks Roll Details for Thomas Mayo». Munksroll.rcplondon.ac.uk 
  41. ↑ «On Calculous Disease and its Consequences». Association Medical Journal. 4 (198): 889–891. 1856. JSTOR 25497594 
  42. ↑ «Croonian Lectures. On the Pathology, Morbid Anatomy, and Treatment of Insanity, delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, London, 1858». BJPsych. 7 (36): 161–179. 1861. doi:10.1192/bjp.7.36.161 
  43. ↑ «Croonian Lectures, ON INTESTINAL OBSTRUCTION». The Lancet. 73 (1864): 501–504. 1859. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)45700-5 
  44. ↑ Guy, W. A. (1860). «Croonian Lectures on the Numerical Method, and its Application to the Science and Art of Medicine». BMJ. s4–1 (188): 593–597. doi:10.1136/bmj.s4-1.188.593 
  45. ↑ «Reviews and Notices». BMJ. 1 (265): 97–99. 1866. PMC 2309040Acessível livremente. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.265.97 
  46. ↑ Sieveking, Edward H. (31 de março de 1866). «Croonian Lectures on the Localisation of Disease». BMJ. 1 (274): 325–9. PMC 2309123Acessível livremente. PMID 20744582. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.274.325 
  47. ↑ Clark, A. (1867). «The Croonian Lectures at the Royal College of Physicians». BMJ. 1 (324): 300–1. PMC 2309436Acessível livremente. PMID 20744728. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.324.300 
  48. ↑ «Croonian Lectures on Matter and Force. Given at the Royal College of Physicians in 1868: By Henry Bence Jones, M.D., F.R.S. Churchill & Sons. 1868». The British Journal of Psychiatry. 14 (68): 561–562. 1869. doi:10.1192/bjp.14.68.561 
  49. ↑ «J. W. Ogle, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.P». BMJ. 2 (2329): 417–418. 1905. PMC 2321187Acessível livremente. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2329.417-b 
  50. ↑ «AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Physicians: SIBSON, Francis (1814–1876)». Aim25.ac.uk 
  51. ↑ Parkes, Edmund Alexander (1871). «The Croonian Lectures at the Royal College of Physicians». BMJ. 1 (324): 300–301. PMC 2309436Acessível livremente. PMID 20744728. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.324.300 
  52. ↑ Dictionary of National Biography article on Parkes.
  53. ↑ Bristowe, John S. (1872). «Croonian Lectures on Disease and its Medical Treatment». BMJ. 1 (596): 574–576. PMC 2296546Acessível livremente. PMID 20746648. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.596.574 
  54. ↑ Radcliffe, C.B. (1873). «Croonian Lectures on Mind, Brain, and Spinal Cord, in Certain Morbid Conditions». BMJ. 1 (641): 395–400. PMC 2296717Acessível livremente. PMID 20747035. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.641.395 
  55. ↑ Murchison, C. (1874). «The Croonian Lectures on Functional Derangements of the Liver». BMJ. 1 (696): 567–570. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.696.567 
  56. ↑ Greenhow, E. H. (1875). «The Croonian Lectures on Addison's Disease». BMJ. 1 (741): 335–337. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.741.335 
  57. ↑ Dickinson, W. H. (1876). «The Croonian Lectures on the Pathology and Relations of Albuminuria». BMJ. 1 (799): 499–501. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.799.499 
  58. ↑ Hicks, J.Braxton (1877). «The Croonian Lectures on the Difference between the Sexes in Regard to the Aspect and Treatment of Disease». BMJ. 1 (846): 318–320. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.846.318 
  59. ↑ Pavy, F. W. (julho de 1879). «The Croonian Lectures on Certain Points connected with Diabetes». The American Journal of the Medical Sciences. 78 (155): 199–204. doi:10.1097/00000441-187907000-00022 
  60. ↑ «Croonian Lectures ON SOME APPLICATIONS OF PHYSICS TO MEDICINE». The Lancet. 114 (2937): 864–865. 1879. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(02)48126-3 
  61. ↑ Cayley, William (1880). «The Croonian Lectures on Some Points in the Pathology and Treatment of Typhoid Fever». BMJ. 1 (1008): 611–613. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1008.611 
  62. ↑ Moxon, Walter (1881). «The Croonian Lectures on the Influence of the Circulation upon the Nervous System». BMJ. 1 (1061): 672–675. PMC 2263505Acessível livremente. PMID 20749857. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1061.672 
  63. ↑ Fayrer, J. (1882). «Croonian Lectures on the Climate and Fevers of India». BMJ. 1 (1114): 645–649. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1114.645 
  64. ↑ «obituary James Edward Pollock». BMJ. 2. 2053 páginas. 1910. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2609.2053 
  65. ↑ York, G.K.; Steinberg, D.A. (junho de 2002). «The philosophy of Hughlings Jackson». Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine. 95 (6): 314–8. PMC 1279922Acessível livremente. PMID 12042387. doi:10.1258/jrsm.95.6.314 
  66. ↑ «Sir Herman David Weber». Whonamedit. 11 de novembro de 1918 
  67. ↑ Latham, P.W. (1886). «The Croonian Lectures on Some Points in the Pathology of Rheumatism, Gout, and Diabetes». BMJ. 1 (1320): 730–737. PMC 2256987Acessível livremente. PMID 20751529. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1320.730 
  68. ↑ Broadbent, William H. (1887). «The Croonian Lectures on the Pulse». BMJ. 1 (1371): 763–8. PMC 2534368Acessível livremente. PMID 20751857. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1371.763 
  69. ↑ MacAlister, Donald (1888). «Abstract of the Croonian Lectures on Antipyretics». BMJ. 2 (1437): 68–71. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1437.68 
  70. ↑ Brunton, T. L. (1889). «The Croonian Lectures on the Relationship between Chemical Structure and Physiological Action». BMJ. 2 (1489): 64–9. PMC 2155388Acessível livremente. PMID 20752755. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1489.64 
  71. ↑ «ABSTRACT OF THE Croonian Lectures ON CEREBRAL LOCALISATION». The Lancet. 136 (3489): 64–66. 1890. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)64403-3 
  72. ↑ Sanderson, J.Burdon (1891). «The Croonian Lectures on the Progress of Discovery Relating to the Origin and Nature of Infectious Diseases». BMJ. 2 (1613): 1135–1139. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1613.1135 
  73. ↑ Roberts, W. (1892). «The Croonian Lectures on the Chemistry and Therapeutics of Uric Acid Gravel and Gout: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London». BMJ. 2 (1645): 61–65. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1645.61 
  74. ↑ Leech, D.J. (1893). «The Cronian Lectures on the Pharmacological Action and Therapeutic Uses of the Nitrites and Allied Compounds: Delivered at the Royal College of Physicians of London». BMJ. 1 (1695): 1305–1311. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1695.1305 
  75. ↑ Bywaters, H. W. (1916). «F. W. Pavy» (PDF). Biochemical Journal. 10 (1): 1–4. PMC 1258678Acessível livremente 
  76. ↑ Marcet, W. (1895). «The Croonian Lectures. Contribution to the History of the Respiration of Man: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London». BMJ. 2 (1802): 71–4. PMC 2508434Acessível livremente. PMID 20755641. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1802.71 
  77. ↑ Oliver, George (1896). «The Croonian Lectures: A Contribution to the Study of the Blood and the Circulation: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London». BMJ. 1 (1849): 1374–1377. PMC 2406999Acessível livremente. PMID 20756271. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.1849.1374 
  78. ↑ White, W. H. (1897). «The Croonian Lectures on the Means by which the Temperature of the Body is Maintained in Health and Disease: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London». BMJ. 2 (1906): 70–73. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1906.70 
  79. ↑ Martin, S. (1898). «The Croonian Lectures on the Means by which the Temperature of the Body is Maintained in Health and Disease: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London». BMJ. 2 (1957): 11–2. PMC 2407186Acessível livremente. PMID 20757112. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1957.11 
  80. ↑ Sainsbury, H. (1900). «Some Points Connected with Sleep, Sleeplessness, and Hypnotics. (Croonian Lectures, Lancet, June and July, 1899.) Bradbury, J. B». The British Journal of Psychiatry. 46 (194): 593–594. doi:10.1192/bjp.46.194.593-a 
  81. ↑ Mott, F. W. (1900). «The Croonian Lectures on Degeneration of the Neurone: Delivered at the Royal College of Physicians of London». BMJ. 1 (2061): 1582–1590. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2061.1582 
  82. ↑ Halliburton, W. D. (1901). «The Croonian Lectures on the Chemical Side of Nervous Activity: Delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, London, June, 1901». BMJ. 1 (2112): 1536–1538. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2112.1536 
  83. ↑ Washbourn, J. W.; Sharman, IM (1902). «The Croonian Lectures on the Natural History and Pathology of Pneumonia». BMJ. 2 (5214): 1704–6. PMC 2402080Acessível livremente. PMID 20760528. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2187.1704 
  84. ↑ Beevor, Charles E. (1903). «The Croonian Lectures on Muscular Movements and their representation in the Central Nervous System: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London». BMJ. 1 (2218): 12–6. PMC 2513940Acessível livremente. PMID 20760993. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2218.12 
  85. ↑ «The Croonian Lectures ON BRIGht's DISEASE AND ITS VARIETIES». The Lancet. 164 (4221): 191–194. 1904. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)03446-8 
  86. ↑ Hillier, S.G. (janeiro de 2005). «100 years of hormones: pathway biology as the fifth force in endocrinology». The Journal of Endocrinology. 184 (1): 3–4. PMID 15642777. doi:10.1677/joe.1.06089 
  87. ↑ «The Croonian Lectures ON PLAGUE». The Lancet. 170 (4378): 207–212. 1907. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)52847-0 
  88. ↑ «The Croonian Lectures ON INBORN ERRORS OF METABOLISM». The Lancet. 172 (4430): 214–220. 1908. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)50353-5 
  89. ↑ Lazarus-Barlow, W. S. (1909). «The Croonian Lectures on the Chemical Side of Nervous Activity: Delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, London, June, 1901». BMJ. 1 (2530): 1536–8. PMC 2401134Acessível livremente. PMID 20759694. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2530.1536 
  90. ↑ G., M. H.; P., E. B. (1932). «Sir Frederick Andrewes. 1859–1932». Obituary Notices of Fellows of the Royal Society (1932–1954). 1: 37–44. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1932.0009 
  91. ↑ «AIM25 text-only browsing: Royal College of Physicians: HEAD, Sir Henry (1861–1940)». Aim25.ac.uk 
  92. ↑ «The Croonian Lectures ON THE PATHOLOGY OF IMMUNITY». The Lancet. 180 (4636): 1–7. 1912. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(01)52372-7 
  93. ↑ Wilson, G (1979). «The Brown Animal Sanatory Institution». Journal of Hygiene. 83 (1): 171–97. PMC 2130092Acessível livremente. PMID 379209. doi:10.1017/s0022172400025948 
  94. ↑ «The annual address delivered to the Royal College of Physicians, on April 6, 1914». arcive.ord 
  95. ↑ «The Croonian Lectures MODERN ASPECTS OF CERTAIN PROBLEMS IN THE PATHOLOGY OF MENTAL DISORDERS». The Lancet. 184 (4765): 1451–1464. 1914. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(00)96665-0 
  96. ↑ Bruce, D. (1915). «The Croonian Lectures on Trypanosomes causing disease in man and domestic animals in Central Africa: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London». BMJ. 2 (2845): 48–53. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.2845.48 
  97. ↑ Adami, J.G. (1917). «The Croonian Lectures on Adaptation and Disease: Delivered at the Royal College of Physicians, June 14th, 1917». BMJ. 1 (2947): 837–841. PMC 2348612Acessível livremente. PMID 20768630. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.2947.837 
  98. ↑ Smith, G.Elliot (1919). «Croonian Lectures on the significance of the Cerebral Cortex: Delivered before the Royal College of Physicians of London, June, 1919». BMJ. 1 (3051): 758. PMC 2341469Acessível livremente. PMID 20769521. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3051.758 
  99. ↑ Hunt, T. (junho de 1979). «Sir Arthur Hurst. (Born 23 July 1879, died 17 August 1944)». Gut. 20 (6): 463–6. PMC 1412454Acessível livremente. PMID 381126. doi:10.1136/gut.20.6.463 
  100. ↑ «Obituary Notices». BMJ. 1 (5591): 582–4. 1968. PMC 1985231Acessível livremente. PMID 4868556. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.5591.582 
  101. ↑ «Gordon Morgan Holmes». Whonamedit. 29 de dezembro de 1965 
  102. ↑ Peters, Rudolph (novembro de 1958). «John Beresford Leathes. 1864–1956». Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 4: 185–91. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1958.0016 
  103. ↑ Cook, G.C. (2006). «Leonard Rogers KCSI FRCP FRS (1868–1962) and the founding of the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine». Notes and Records of the Royal Society. 60 (2): 171–81. PMID 17153749. doi:10.1098/rsnr.2006.0146 
  104. ↑ Lewis, Thomas (1926). «The Blood Vessels of the Human Skin». BMJ. 2 (3418): 61–61. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.3418.61 
  105. ↑ Bolton, C. (1928). «The Interpretation of Gastric Symptoms». BMJ. 1 (3519): 1030–1033. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3519.1030 
  106. ↑ Martin, Charles James (2007). «Charles James Martin, Kt, C.M.G., F.R.C.P., DSc., F.R.S». British Journal of Nutrition. 10 (1): 1–7. PMID 13315918. doi:10.1079/BJN19560003 
  107. ↑ «Special Collection». Universiry of Aberdeen 
  108. ↑ McNee, J. W. (1932). «Croonian Lectures on Liver and Spleen: Their clinical and pathological associations». BMJ. 1 (3728): 1111–6. PMC 2521030Acessível livremente. PMID 20776903. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.3728.1111 
  109. ↑ «Book Review». Nature. 134 (3396): 830–831. 1934. doi:10.1038/134830b0 
  110. ↑ MacNalty, Arthur S. (1960). «Owen Lambert Vaughan Simpkinson de Wesselow. 21 October 1883 – 6 July 1959». The Journal of Pathology and Bacteriology. 80: 189–195. doi:10.1002/path.1700800124 
  111. ↑ «Sir Francis Fraser». BMJ. 27 (3): 449–52. doi:10.1136/hrt.27.3.449 
  112. ↑ Harkins, W. (1950). «Students' Style». BMJ. 1 (4653): 611. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4653.611 
  113. ↑ Graham, George; Yoffa, D (1940). «Estimations of Blood Volume During Course of Renal Failure». BMJ. 2 (5460): 513–516. PMC 1845642Acessível livremente. PMID 14321225. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4163.513 
  114. ↑ «Sir Arthur William Mickle Ellis». Royal College of Physicians 
  115. ↑ Symonds, C. P.; Harris, PW; Lessof, MH; Lyne, C (1943). «Singledose dexamethasone suppression test for Cushing's Syndrome». BMJ. 2 (5554): 740–744. PMC 1841769Acessível livremente. PMID 6025982. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.4327.740 
  116. ↑ Marriott, H. L. (1947). «Water and Salt Depletion: Part III». BMJ. 1 (4497): 328–332. PMC 2052844Acessível livremente. PMID 20247988. doi:10.1136/bmj.1.4497.328 
  117. ↑ AHC (1986). «Desmond Curban». Psychiatric Bulletin. 10 (4): 95–6. doi:10.1192/pb.10.4.95 
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