Bizantska muzika

Bizantska muzika (grčki: Βυζαντινή μουσική) originalno se sastojala od pjesama i himni komponovanih za dvorske i vjerske svečanosti u Bizantskom Carstvu. Nakon pada Carigrada 1453. nastavljena je tradicijom bizantskog pojanja u pravoslavnoj liturgiji. Danas su najpoznatiji crkveni oblici bizantske muzike s obzirom na to da su mnoge pravoslavne zajednice usvojile to bizantsko nasljeđe. U tim zajednicama kantori (vođe crkvenog hora) monodično (jednoglasno) izvode crkvene pjesme iz tradicionalnih knjiga pojanja (poput stihira i irmologija).

Bizantska muzika nije nestala nakon pada Carigrada. Nastavljena je pod Carigradskom patrijaršijom, koja je poslije osmanskog osvajanja 1453. dobila administrativnu odgovornost nad svim pravoslavnim hrišćanima u Osmanskom Carstvu. Tokom opadanja Osmanskog Carstva u 19. stoljeću, balanske nacije proglasile su autonomiju ili autokefalnost od Carigradske patrijaršije.

Hrišćansko pojanje prakticirano u osmanskoj Bugarskoj, Srbiji i Grčkoj zasnovano je na historijskim korijenima bizantske umjetnosti. Istovremeno, crkvena muzika stvorena tokom osmanskog perioda smatra se „postvizantijskom”. Zbog toga se bizantska muzika odnosi na nekoliko pravoslavnih tradicija pojanja na području Mediterana i Kavkaza koje su se prakticirale u nedavnoj historiji, a neke se prakticiraju i danas.

Bizansko pojanje dodano je 2019. na UNESCO-ovu listu nematerijalne kulturne baštine: „Kao živa umjetnost koja postoji više od 2000 godina, bizansko pojanje značajna je kulturna tradicija i sveobuhvatni muzički sistem koji čini dio zajedničkih muzičkih tradicija što su se razvile u Bizantskom Carstvu.”^[1]

• Kartomi, Margaret J. (1990). On Concepts and Classifications of Musical Instruments. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-42548-1. 

• „Berlin, Staatliche Museen P. 21319”. Papyrus fragment of a Greek tropologion written in semi-cursive book script (6th century). Egypt. 
• „Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Papyrus Vindobonensis G 19.934”. Fragment of a 6th-century tropologion. 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 607”, Τροπολόγιον σῦν Θεῷ τῶν μηνῶν δυῶν μαρτίου καὶ ἀπριλλίου ["With God the tropologion of the two months March and April"] (9th century) 
• „Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, fonds grec, Ms. 360, ff.216r-237v”, Βιβλίον ἁγιοπολίτης συγκροτημένον ἔκ τινων μουσικῶν μεθόδων ["The book of the Holy Polis (Jerusalem) unifying different musical methods", originally an introduction to a 12th-century tropologion] rebound in a compiled collection of basic grammar treatises and fragments with mathemataria and of a menologion (12th–15th centuries) 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 777”, Tropologion of the parakletike kanons, penitential chant, apostolic prosomoia and of ferial days and theotokia composed according to the kanon order (11th century) 
• „Moscow, Rossiysky Gosudarstvenny Archiv Drevnich Aktov (РГАДА), Fond 381 Ms. 80”. Old Church Slavonic Paraklitik (Glas 1–3) with akrosticha in canon order (KaO) with znamennaya notation (about 1200). 

• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. gr. 7”. Prophetologion starting with Christmas and Epiphany and the cycle for the movable feasts and concluding with the menaion (10th century). 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. gr. 8”. Prophetologion in maiuscule script with ekphonetic notation and a list of ekphonetic neumes on the last page (10th century). 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. gr. 213”. Gospel Lectionary with pericopes assigned to the Divine Liturgies and other Offices of the Byzantine Church with ekphonetic notation added by presbyteros Eustathios on 30 January 967. 
• „Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Cod. Vat. gr. 351”. New Testament Lectionary (Liturgy and Orthros cycle) in uncial maiuscule script written in Constantinople with ekphonetic notation (10th century). 
• „Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Cod. Vat. gr. 756”. Commented Tetraevangelion of the Archimandritate SS. Salvatore of Messina (11th century). 
• „London, British Library, Add MS 19352”. Psalter with Odes (ff.192v-207v) written by Protopresbyteros Theodore for Michael, Abbot of the Stoudios Monastery (1066). Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2020-11-20. Pristupljeno 2024-02-11. 
• „Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Cod. Vat. slav. 3”. Aprakos lectionary beginning with Easter (Gospel of John) and a menologion (ff.112v-153v) in uncial Glagolitic script from Macedonia written by the end of the first Bulgarian Empire (11th century). 

• „Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Cod. Vat. gr. 1613”. Illuminated Menologion with synaxaries made for Emperor Basil II (979–1004). Constantinople. 

• „Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 159”. Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for September with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century). 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 160”. Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for October with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century). 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 161”. Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for November with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century). 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 162”. Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for December with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century). 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 163”. Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for January with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century). 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 164”. Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for February with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century). 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 165”. Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for April with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century). 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 166”. Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for May with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century). 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 167”. Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for June with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century). 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 168”. Old Church Slavonic Mineya služebnaya for August with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century). 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 319”. Old Church Slavonic Fasten Triod služebnaya with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (12th century). 
• „Moscow, State Historical Museum (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Voskr. Perg. 27”. Old Church Slavonic Flower Triod služebnaya with troparia, stichera, kondaks and akrosticha with znamennaya notation written at a scriptorium of Novgorod (about 1200). 

• „Athos, Monastery of the Great Lavra, Ms. γ 67”. Incomplete Triodion, Pentekostarion and Oktoechos with Chartres notation (11th century). 
• „Athos, Monastery of the Great Lavra, Ms. γ 74”. Incomplete Menaion (beginning with 24 October) with Chartres notation (11th century). 
• „Athos, Monastery of the Great Lavra, Ms. γ 72”. Incomplete Triodion (beginning with the Holy Week) and Pentekostarion with Chartres notation (11th century). 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1219”. Greek Sticherarion (only Menaion but without beginning and end) with Old Byzantine Chartres notation (11th century). 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1217”. Greek Sticherarion (only Menaion) with Old Byzantine Coislin notation (11th–12th century). 
• „Moscow, Rossiysky Gosudarstvenny Archiv Drevnich Aktov (РГАДА), Fond 381 Ms. 152”. Old Church Slavonic Sticherarion (Menaion from 1 September until 2 February) with znamennaya notation (12th century). 
• „Moscow, Rossiysky Gosudarstvenny Archiv Drevnich Aktov (РГАДА), Fond 381 Ms. 147”. Old Church Slavonic Sticherarion (Fasten and Flower triod) with znamennaya notation (12th century). 
• „Copenhagen, Det kongelige Bibliotek, Ms. NkS 4960, 4°”. Complete Sticherarion with Menaion, Triodion, Pentekostarion, and Oktoechos with Middle Byzantine notation (14th century). 

• „Athos, Monastery of the Great Lavra, Ms. β 32”. Incomplete Greek Heirmologion composed in canon order (KaO) with Old Byzantine Chartres notation (11th century). 
• „Paris, Bibliothèque nationale, fonds Coislin, ms. 220”. Greek Heirmologion composed in canon order (KaO) with Old Byzantine Coislin notation (11th century). 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 929”. Greek Heirmologion composed in ode order (OdO) with Old Byzantine Coislin notation (12th-century palimpest over pages of a former tropologion). 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1256”. Greek Heirmologion composed in canon order (KaO) with Middle Byzantine notation (1309). 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1257”. Greek Heirmologion composed in canon order (KaO), Anthology of Orthros and Great Vesper with Middle Byzantine notation (1332). 

• „Leipzig, Universitätsbibliothek, Rep. I 17, ff.21v-265v”. Book of ceremonies κωνσταντίνου τοῦ φιλοχρίστου καὶ ἐν αὐτῶν αἰωνίων βασιλεῖ βασιλέως ὑιοῦ λέοντος τοῦ σοφωτιτά καὶ ἀ ὑμνής τοῦ βασιλεῦ συντάγμα τι καὶ βασιλείου σπουδῆς ὄντως ἄξιον ποίημα (late 10th century). 

• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 925”. Kontakarion organised as a menaion, triodion (at least in part), and pentekostarion (10th century). 
• „Saint-Petersburg, Rossiyskaya natsional'naya biblioteka, Ms. Q.п.I.32”. Nižegorodsky Kondakar' of the Blagoveščensky [Annunciation] Monastery, introduced, described and transcribed by Tatiana Shvets (about 1200). 
• „Moscow, Russian State Library (Российская государственная библиотека), fond 304 Ms. 23”. Troitsky Kondakar' of the Trinity Lavra of Saint Sergius (about 1200). 
• „Moscow, Gosudarstvenniy istoričesky muzey (Государственный исторический музей), Ms. Sin. 777”. Sinodal'ny Kondakar' (13th century). 
• „Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Vat. gr. 1606”. Kontakarion-Psaltikon with Asmatikon (kontakia and hypakoai, allelouiaria, prokeimena, koinonika) with Middle Byzantine Round notation of the Archimandritate SS. Salvatore of Messina (13th century). 
• „Paris, Bibliothèque nationale de France, fonds grec, Ms. 397”. Incomplete Kontakarion (Prokeimena, Stichologia for Christmas and Theophany, Allelouiaria, Hypakoai anastasima, kontakia) in short psaltikon style with Middle Byzantine Round notation (late 13th c.). 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1280”. Psaltikon (Prokeimena, Allelouiaria, Hypakoai, Anti-cherouvikon for the Liturgy of Presanctified Gifts) and Kontakarion (menaion with integrated movable cycle) with Middle Byzantine round notation written in a monastic context (about 1300). 
• „Rome, Biblioteca apostolica vaticana, Vat. gr. 345”. Kontakarion-Psaltikon (prokeimena, allelouiaria, hypakoai, kontakia) with Middle Byzantine Round notation (about 1300). 
• „Sinai, Saint Catherine's Monastery, Ms. Gr. 1314”. Psaltikon-Kontakarion (prokeimena, allelouiaria, kontakarion with integrated hypakoai, hypakoai anastasima, the complete Akathistos hymn, kontakia anastasima, stichera heothina, appendix with refrains of the allelouiaria in oktoechos order) written by monk Neophyte (mid 14th century). 

• „Athens, National Library of Greece [Ethnike Vivliotheke tes Hellados, Ms. 2458”]. Akolouthiai of the Hagia Sophia of Constantinople Ἀκολουθίαι συντεθειμέναι παρὰ τοῦ Μαϊστόρου κυροῦ Ἰωάννου τοῦ κουκουζέλη ἀπ᾽ ἀρχῆς τοῦ μεγάλου ἑσπερινοῦ μέχρι καὶ τῆς συμπληρόσεως τῆς θείας λειτουργίας (1336). ^{[mrtav link]}
• Koukouzeles, Ioannes; Korones, Xenos; Kladas, Ioannes. „Vienna, Österreichische Nationalbibliothek, Cod. theol. gr. 185”. Βιβλίον σὺν Θεῷ ἁγίῳ περιέχον τὴν ἄπασαν ἀκολουθίαν τῆς ἐκκλησιαστικῆς τάξεως συνταχθὲν παρὰ τοῦ μαΐστορος κυροῦ Ἰωάννου τοῦ Κουκουζέλη of Thessalonica (about 1400). 
• „Athens, Εθνική Βιβλιοθήκη της Ελλάδος [Ethnike Vivliotheke tes Hellados, Ms. 2061”]. Akolouthiai of the Hagia Sophia of Thessalonica (early 15th century). Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2019-02-24. Pristupljeno 2024-02-11. 
• „Moscow, Russian State Library, fond 304 Ms. 407”. Antologiya with Irmolog in ode order, Voskresnik and Sanctoral beginning with Christmas cycle in Old Church Slavonic with sematic notation (1437). 

• Troelsgård, Christian, ur. (21 July 2021). „Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae”. University of Copenhagen, Saxo Institute, Dept. of Greek and Latin. 
• Floros, Constantin (2015). Das mittelbyzantinische Kontaktienrepertoire. Untersuchungen und kritische Edition. 1–3. Hamburg. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2015-02-05. Pristupljeno 2015-02-05. 
• Raasted, Jørgen, ur. (1983). The Hagiopolites: A Byzantine Treatise on Musical Theory. Cahiers de l'Institut du Moyen-Âge grec et latin. 45. Copenhagen: Paludan. 
• Byzantine Monastic Foundation Documents: A Complete Translation of the Surviving Founder's Typika and Testaments. Dumbarton Oaks Studies. Washington, D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Research Library and Collection. 2000. ISBN 978-0-88402-232-9. 
• Uspenskiy, Boris Aleksandrovič, ur. (2006). Типографский Устав: Устав с кондакарем конца XI — начала XII века [Tipografsky Ustav: Ustav with Kondakar' end 11th-beginning 12th c. (vol. 1: facsimile, vol. 2: edition of the texts, vol. 3: monographic essays)]. Памятники славяно-русской письменности. Новая серия. 1–3. Moscow: Языки славянских культур. ISBN 978-5-9551-0131-6. 
• Myers, Gregory, ur. (1994). The Lavrsky-Troitsky Kondakar'. Monumenta Slavico-Byzantina Mediaevalia Europensia. 4. Sofia: Ivan Dujcev Centre for Slavo-Byzantine Studies (Heron Press). ISBN 978-954-580-006-1. 
• Dostál, Antonín; Rothe, Hans; Trapp, Erich, ur. (1976–2004). Der altrussische Kondakar' auf der Grundlage des Blagoveščenskij Nižegorodskij Kondakar'. Bausteine zur Geschichte der Literatur bei den Slawen, Editionen. 3:2–7. Giessen [Köln, Weimar, Vienna]: Wilhelm Schmitz [Böhlau since 1990]. ISSN 0170-3552. 
• Voudouris, Angelos L., ur. (1996–1998). Κώδικες της Ορθοδόξου Βυζαντινής Εκκλησιαστικής Ασματωδίας [Codices of Orthodox ecclesiastic chant according to the school of Iakovos Nafpliotis, Archon Protopsaltes of the Ecumenical Patriarchate]. 1–18. Athens: European Art Centre (EUARCE). 

• Levy, Kenneth; Troelsgård, Christian (2001). „Byzantine chant”. New Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 1. DOI:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.04494. ISBN 9781561592630. 
• Velimirović, Miloš; Lozovaya, Irene; Myers, Gregory; De Carlo, Leonora (2001). „Russian and Slavonic church music”. New Grove Music Online. Oxford Music Online. 1. DOI:10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.43458. 
• Wellesz, Egon (1980). A history of Byzantine music and hymnography (2nd, revised and enlarged izd.). Oxford: Clarendon Press. ISBN 978-0-19-816111-0. 
• Hannick, Christian (1995). „Byzantinische Musik”. u: Laurenz Lütteken (de). MGG Online. Kassel, Stuttgart, New York. 
• Hannick, Christian (1994). „Altslawische Musik”. u: Laurenz Lütteken (de). MGG Online. Kassel, Stuttgart, New York. 

• Dimitrova, Mariana (2006). „Some Observations on the Slavic Sources for Theta Notation”. Scripta & e-Scripta 2006 (3–4): 225–237. ISSN 1312-238X. 
• Doneda, Annalisa (2 September 2011). Computer Applications to Byzantine Chant: A Relational Database for the Koinonika of the Asmatikon. 
• Engberg, Sysse G. (2005). „Les lectionnaires grecs” (fr). Ædilis, Actes. Séminaires et tables rondes. 9. Paris, Orléans. 
• Floros, Constantin; Moran, Neil K. (2009). The Origins of Russian Music: Introduction to the Kondakarian Notation. Frankfurt am Main etc.: Peter Lang. ISBN 9783631595534. 
• Floros, Constantin (1970) (de). Universale Neumenkunde. 1, 3. Kassel-Wilhelmshöhe: Bärenreiter. 
• Myers, Gregory (1998). „The medieval Russian Kondakar and the choirbook from Kastoria: a palaeographic study in Byzantine and Slavic musical relations”. Plainsong and Medieval Music 7 (1): 21–46. DOI:10.1017/S0961137100001406. 
• Tillyard, Henry Julius Wetenhall (1952). „The Stages of the Early Byzantine Musical Notation”. Byzantinische Zeitschrift 45 (Jahresband): 29–42. DOI:10.1515/byzs.1952.45.1.29. ISSN 0007-7704. 
• Tillyard, Henry Julius Wetenhall (1937). „Byzantine Neumes: The Coislin Notation”. Byzantinische Zeitschrift 37 (2): 345–358. DOI:10.1515/byzs.1937.37.2.345. ISSN 0007-7704. 
• Tillyard, H. J. W. (1935). Handbook of the Middle Byzantine Musical Notation. Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae, Subsidia. 1. Copenhagen: Levin & Munksgaard. 
• Troelsgård, Christian (2011). Byzantine Neumes : A New Introduction to the Middle Byzantine Musical Notation. Monumenta Musicae Byzantinae, Subsidia. 9. Copenhagen: Museum Tusculanum Press. ISBN 9788763531580. 

• Chrysanthos of Madytos (1832). Pelopides, Panagiotes G.. ur. Θεωρητικόν μέγα της μουσικής συνταχθέν μεν παρά Χρυσάνθου αρχιεπισκόπου Διρραχίου του εκ Μαδύτων εκδοθέν δε υπό Παναγιώτου Γ. Πελοπίδου Πελοποννησίου διά φιλοτίμου συνδρομής των ομογενών. Triest: Michele Weis. 
• Vasileios Nikolaidis Vyzantios, ur. (1825). „Copy of Chrysanthos' first book of the 'Mega Theoretikon' (Ms. Gr. 90)”. Sofia: St. Cyril and St. Methodius National Library. 
• Great Theory of Music by Chrysanthos of Madytos. New Rochelle, New York: Axion Estin Foundation. 2010. ISBN 9780615342597. 

• Ολυμπία Τολίκα, Επίτομο Εγκυκλοπαιδικό Λεξικό της Βυζαντινής Μουσικής [Olympia Tolika: Encyclopaedian Dictionary of Byzantine Music]. Έκδ. Ευρωπαϊκό Κέντρο Τέχνης (EUARCE), Αθήνα 1993.

Historijski zapisi

• Raktivan, Panos M.; Vafeiadis, Viktor. „Byzantine music: Archon cantors of the Great Church of Christ”. Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, Association of Constantinopolitan Friends of Music in Athens. 

Rekonstrukcije

• Ioannis Arvanitis, ur. (2 December 2011). „Allelouiarion Οἱ οὐρανοὶ διηγοῦνται δόξαν θεοῦ (Ps. 18:2) in echos protos according to the psaltikon of Grottaferrata (I-Fl Ashburn 64)”. Venice: Ensemble Hagiopolites. 
• „Concert with Akathistos hymn of the psaltikon in historical costumes”. Jassy: Romeiko Ensemble. 6 October 2019. 
• Chourmouzios the Archivist, ur. „CD dedicated to compositions of John Koukouzeles”. Greek Byzantine Choir. 
• Chrysaphes, Manuel (22 December 2011). „Christmas Kanon Μυστήριον ξένον”. u: Chourmouzios the Archivist. Ensemble Psaltikon. 

Moderne varijante

• Spyrakis, Ioannis. „Electroacoustic & Acousmatic Music, Byzantine Music”. 

Uvodi u bizantsku muziku

• Stathes, Gregorios Th. (May 1970). „Introduction into Byzantine Church Music”. Oxford. Arhivirano iz originala na datum 2020-02-25. Pristupljeno 2024-02-11. 
• Myers, Gregory. „An Introduction to Byzantine Chant and Notation (22')”. YouTube. 
• Antonopoulos, Spyros (21 April 2016). „An Introduction into Byzantine Chant”. Worcester, Massachusetts: YouTube. 
• Conomos, Dimitri (24 November 2011). „Lecture: Eastern Sacred Chant”. Pembroke College, Mary Hyde Eccles Room: Oxford Orthodox Christian Student Society. 
• Introduction Arhivirano 2021-04-12 na Wayback Machine-u from The British Library

Tutorijali za pravoslavno pojanje

• „Video introduction with modern solfège by Georgios Hatzichronoglou”. Vrilissia: ASBMH. 
• „Byzantine Music System”. Athens: Institute for Research on Music and Acoustics (ΙΕΜΑ). 
• Jones, Nicholas. „Introduction into Chrysanthine Notation”. Pittsburgh: Choir of Saint George Antiochian Orthodox Cathedral. 

Ostalo

• „Analogion and Psaltologion (Blog about Orthodox Chant and its Byzantine Heritage)”. 
• The American Society of Byzantine Music and Hymnology
• New Byzantine Music Publications Arhivirano 2023-10-04 na Wayback Machine-u
• The Divine Music Project