Kineska književnost

Istorije kineske književnosti proteže se hiljadama godina, od najranijih zapisanih dinastičkih dvorskih arhiva do zrelih novela o vernakularne fikcije, nastalih tokom dinastije Ming, radi zabave masa pismenih Kineza. Uvođenjem široko rasprostranjenog štampanja drvenih blokova tokom dinastije Tang (618–907) i izumom štampanja pokretnog tipa Bi Šenga (990–1051) za vreme dinastije Song (960–1279), brzo se proširilo pismeno znanje širom Kine. U modernijim vremenima, autor Lu Sjuen (1881–1936) smatra se osnivačem bajhua književnosti u Kini.

Preklasični period

Na formiranje najranijeg sloja kineske književnosti uticale su usmene tradicije različitog društvenog i profesionalnog porekla: kultne i laičke muzičke prakse (Šiđing),^[1] divinacija (Ji đing), astronomija, egzorcizam. Pokušaj praćenja rodoslova kineske književnosti do religioznih uroka i inkantacija (šest džua 六祝, kao što je predstavljeno u poglavlju „Da džu”, Obreda Džoua) napravio je Lju Šipej.^[2]

Istorijski tekstovi, rečnici i enciklopedije

Kinezi su čuvali dosledne i tačne sudske zapisnike od 841. godine pne, sa početkom Gunghe namesništva dinastije Zapadni Džou. Najranija poznata narativna istorija o Kini bilo je delo Cuo Džuan, koje je sačinjeno najkasnije 389. godine pne i smatra se da ga je napisao slepi istoričar iz 5. veka pne Cuo Ćuming. Veruje se da je Knjiga dokumenata sastavljena još u 6. veku pne, a sigurno je da je postojala do 4. veka pne, najnovijeg datuma pisanja Guodjen Ču ostataka otkrivenih u jednoj Hubejskoj grobnici 1993. godine. Knjiga dokumenata obuhvata rane informacije o geografiji u poglavlju Ju Gong.^[3] Bambusni anali pronađeni 281. godine u grobnici kralja Veja, koji je sahranjen 296. godine pne, pružaju još jedan primer. Međutim, za razliku od Cuo Džuana, autentičnost ranog datuma Bambusnih anala je osporena. Još jedan rani tekst bila je knjiga političke strategije Džan Guo Cea, sastavljena između 3. i 1. veka pne, sa delom teksta pronađenim među grobnicama II veka pne na grobničkoj lokaciji u Mavangdueju. Najstariji postojeći rečnik u Kini je Erija, datiran na 3. vek pne, anonimno napisan, ali sa kasnijim komentarima istoričara Guo Pua (276–324). Ostali rani rečnici uključuju Fangjan autora Jang Sjunga (53. pne - 18) i Šuoven Đeci autora Sju Šena (58–147). Jedan od najvećih bio je Kansi rečnik sastavljen 1716. godine pod pokroviteljstvom cara Kansi (vladao 1661–1722); on pruža definicije za preko 47.000 znakova.

Iako su prethodno postojali sudski spisi i drugi nezavisni zapisi, fundamentalno delo u ranom kineskom istorijskom pisanju bio je Šiđi, ili Zapisi velikog istoričara, koje je napisao dvorski istoričar iz dinastije Han Sima Ćen (145 pne - 90 pne). Ovaj prekretnički tekst postavio je temelje kineskoj istoriografiji i mnogim zvaničnim kineskim istorijskim tekstovima sabranim za svaku dinastiju nakon toga. Sima Ćen se često upoređuje s grčkim Herodotom po obimu i metodu, jer je on pokrivao kinesku istoriju od mitske dinastije Sja do savremene vladavine cara Vua od Hana zadržavajući objektivno i nepristrasno stajalište. Ovo je često bilo teško ostvarivo za zvanične dinastičke istoričare, koji su koristili istorijska dela da opravdaju vladavinu trenutne dinastije. On je uticao na pisana dela mnogih kineskih istoričara, uključujući dela Ban Gua i Ban Džaoa u I i II veku, pa čak i na Sima Guangovu kompilaciju Cidži Tongđena iz 11. veka, koja je predstavljena caru Šencungu of Songa 1084. godine. Ukupni opseg istoriografske tradicije u Kini naziva se Dvadeset četiri istorije, stvorene za svaku uzastopnu kinesku dinastiju do dinastije Ming (1368–1644). Poslednja kineska dinastija, dinastija Ćing (1644–1911), nije uključena.

Reference

^ Chen Zhi, The Shaping of the Book of Songs, 2007.
^ 刘师培，《文学出于巫祝之官说》
^ Needham, Volume 3, 500–501.

Literatura

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Chaves, Jonathan,, ур. (1986). The Columbia Book of Later Chinese Poetry: Yüan, Ming, and Ch'ing Dynasties (1279–1911). New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-06149-0. CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак уредника (веза)
Chen, Xiaomei (2014). The Columbia Anthology of Modern Chinese Drama. Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-16502-0.
Cheng, François (1982). Chinese Poetic Writing. Trans. Donald A. Riggs and Jerome P. Seaton. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-20284-0.
Cui, Jie; Zong-qi Cai (2012). How to Read Chinese Poetry Workbook. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-15658-5.
deBary, Wm. Theodore (2000). Sources of Chinese Tradition: From 1600 through the Twentieth Century Vol II. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0231-11271-0.
Idema Wilt L., and Lloyd Haft, ур. (1997). A Guide to Chinese Literature. Ann Arbor: Center for Chinese Studies, University of Michigan, Michigan Monographs in Chinese Studies. ISBN 9780892640997. . Bibliographical and background essays.
Knight, Sabina. Chinese Literature: A Very Short Introduction. Oxford; New York: Oxford University Press, Very Short Introductions Series. 2012. ISBN 9780195392067..
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Liu, James J.Y (1962). The Art of Chinese Poetry. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ISBN 978-0-226-48687-1.
Mair, Victor H. (2001). The Columbia History of Chinese Literature. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 9780231109840. .
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Nienhauser, William H., Jr. (1986 and 1998). The Indiana Companion to Traditional Chinese Literature. 2v. . Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 978-0-253-32983-7.
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Kang-i Sun Chang, Stephen Owen, eds. (2010), The Cambridge History of Chinese Literature, 2 vol. . Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-11677-0.
Watson, Burton (1971). Chinese Lyricism: Shih Poetry from the Second to the Twelfth Century. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-03464-7.
Watson, Burton,, ур. (1984). The Columbia Book of Chinese Poetry: From Early Times to the Thirteenth Century. New York: Columbia University Press. ISBN 978-0-231-05683-0. CS1 одржавање: Вишеструка имена: списак уредника (веза)
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Spoljašnje veze

Kineska književnost na Vikimedijinoj ostavi.

Paper Republic – Chinese Literature in Translation – useful site, and produces annual list of translations into English (2015, 2014, 2013, 2012)
MCLC Resource Center—Literature – bibliography of scholarly studies and translations of modern Chinese literature
Modern Chinese Literature and Culture – scholarly journal
Chinese Text Sampler – Annotated collection of classical and modern Chinese literary texts
Chinese Text Project – Early classical texts with English and modern Chinese translations
Renditions – English translations of modern and classical Chinese literature
China the Beautiful – Chinese Art and Literature – Early classical texts
Chinese Text Sampler: Readings in Chinese Literature, History, and Popular Culture – Annotated Collection of Digitized Chinese Texts for Students of Chinese Language and Culture
The Columbia University Press web page accompanying Cai 2008 has PDF and MP3 files for more than 75 poems and Cambridge University Press's web page accompanying Cui 2012 includes MP3 files of modern Chinese translations for dozens of these