Belitung Malay
Malayic language spoken in Indonesia
| Belitung Malay | |
|---|---|
| Sedentary Belitung Malay | |
| بهاس بليتوڠ, base Belitong | |
| Pronunciation | ba.sə beli.toŋ |
| Native to | Indonesia (Bangka-Belitung) |
| Region | Belitung |
| Ethnicity | Belitung Malay, Belitung Chinese, etc. |
Native speakers | 313,047 (2023 estimate)[1] |
Language family | Austronesian
|
Writing system | Latin (Indonesian alphabet) Jawi (historical) |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | – |
| Glottolog | sede1248 |
 Areas where Belitung Malay is primarily spoken | |
| This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. | |
Belitung Malay (base Belitong, Jawi: بهاس بليتوڠ), or Sedentary Belitung Malay, is a Malayic language spoken in Indonesia, specifically on the island of Belitung in the Bangka Belitung Islands of Sumatra. The language is primarily spoken by the native Malay people of Belitung, as well as by ethnic Chinese who have inhabited Belitung for centuries, using it as a second language alongside their native Hakka. This language is distinguished from Loncong language, a Belitung Malay variety spoken by nomadic sea gypsies from Belitung. Additionally, it is spoken by migrants from other parts of Indonesia residing in Belitung, including Javanese and Sundanese, as well as by the Belitung diaspora living in various regions across Indonesia. Belitung Malay serves as the lingua franca among the people of Belitung, encompassing not only Malays but also other ethnic groups living in the island. It is predominantly used in informal settings such as family gatherings or marketplaces. In contrast, standard Indonesian is preferred for formal situations, including government offices and schools, reflecting its status as the official and national language of Indonesia. Code-switching between Belitung Malay and standard Indonesian is common in the Belitung community, particularly in informal and semi-formal contexts. Other ethnic groups, such as the Chinese, also frequently code-switch and code-mix between Hakka and Belitung Malay.
Belitung Malay is a vernacular Malay variety that shares linguistic features with peninsular Malay, Eastern Sumatra Malay, and the Malay variety of West Kalimantan.[2] Belitung Malay exhibits a closer resemblance to the Malay spoken in Sumatra and Kalimantan than to standard Jakarta Indonesian, particularly in terms of phonology and lexicon. The language has received significant influence from other languages, such as Hakka, Dutch and Arabic, as well as Javanese and standard Indonesian.[3][4] Belitung Malay has absorbed Javanese loanwords due to Belitung's historical rule by the Palembang Sultanate, where the court language, Palembang Malay, was influenced by Javanese.[5] Additionally, Indonesian, as the official language, has also become a source of loanwords. While Belitung Malay includes words not found in standard Indonesian, the two languages are generally mutually intelligible.
Classification
Bangka Malay is a Malayic language. Speakers of Malayic language are spread from Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Southern Thailand, to the southernmost part of the Philippines. Malay is a member of the Austronesian family of languages, which includes languages from Taiwan, Southeast Asia and the Pacific Ocean, with a smaller number in continental Asia. Malagasy, a geographic outlier spoken in Madagascar in the Indian Ocean, is also a member of this language family. Although these languages are not necessarily mutually intelligible to any extent, their similarities are often quite apparent. In more conservative languages like Malay, many roots have come with relatively little change from their common ancestor, Proto-Austronesian language. There are many cognates found in the languages' words for kinship, health, body parts and common animals. Numbers, especially, show remarkable similarities.[6]
Belitung Malay is closely related to other Malayic languages spoken in neighboring regions, such as Bangka Malay and Palembang Malay, as well as various Malay varieties found in West Kalimantan, the eastern coast of Sumatra, and outlying islands. Since Indonesian is a standardized form of Malay, Belitung Malay is also related to it, and the two are generally mutually intelligible. However, Belitung Malay possesses unique characteristics, particularly in its phonology and lexicon, that distinguish it from Indonesian and other Malay varieties.
Geographic distribution and usage
Belitung Malay is exclusively spoken on Belitung and its outlying islands. Administratively, this area consists of two regencies in the Bangka-Belitung province: Belitung Regency and East Belitung Regency. It is also spoken by Belitung diasporas living in other parts of Indonesia. Belitung Malay is the mother tongue of the Malay people on the island. The Chinese people primarily use Hakka and Mandarin as their native tongues, though many also understand Belitung Malay as a second language and use it to communicate with Malays and other ethnic groups.[7] On the other hand, migrants in Belitung from other parts of Indonesia speak Belitung Malay in addition to their native languages, especially in the market.
Belitung Malay is a spoken language used by Belitung speakers when talking with family members, friends, and co-workers on informal occasions in markets, shops, stalls, and so forth. It also functions as a lingua franca; non-Malay people, such as Chinese and Bugis, among others in the area, often choose to speak Belitung Malay between people from different ethnic groups.[2] Belitung Malay is not used in formal situations in Belitung; it is not taught in schools or used in governmental offices. Instead, Indonesian, the official language of Indonesia, is learned at school. Children are exposed to Indonesian from birth through television, the internet, national ceremonial speeches, magazines, newspapers, books, and other media.[2] Nonetheless, Belitung Malay retains its dominance as an everyday language. Increasing usage of Indonesian has lead many Belitung Malay speakers to code-switch and code-mix between standard Indonesian and Belitung Malay.[2]
Phonology
Belitung Malay, like many other regional languages in Indonesia, lacks a standardized phonological system. Nevertheless, many of the phonological system designed for Belitung Malay is loosely based on standard Indonesian orthography.
Vowels
Like Indonesian and Standard Malay, Belitung Malay possesses 6 phonemic vowels /i, ə, e, a, o, u/.[8]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | a |
Notes:
- In writing, /e/ and /ə/ are both represented as ⟨e⟩.[8]
- Final /a/ in Baku Malay/Indonesian correspond to /ə/ in Belitung Malay, so Baku Malay/Indonesian ada /ada/ "to have" corresponds to Bangka Malay ade /adə/.[9]
- Baku Malay/Indonesian /i/ and /u/ in closed syllables correspond to lower /e/ and /o/ in Belitung Malay, so Baku Malay/Indonesian pasir /pasir/ "sand" and taruh /taruh/ "to place" correspond to Bangka Malay paser /paser/ and tarok /taroʔ/.[9]
Consonants
Belitung Malay has 19 consonants.[9]
| Labial | Dental | Alveolar | Postalveolar | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Plosive/ | voiceless | p | t | t͡ʃ | k | ʔ | |
| voiced | b | d | d͡ʒ | ɡ | |||
| Fricative | voiceless | s | |||||
| voiced | z | ||||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | ||||
| Trill | r | ||||||
Notes:
- In writing, the following phonemes are represented as thus:[8]
- /ʔ/ only occurs root-finally.[9]
- Unlike Standard Malay and Indonesian, Belitung Malay has no /h/ phoneme.[9]
- Final /ʔ/ in some root words in Belitung Malay correspond to Standard Malay/Indonesian /h/ such as Belitung Malay tarok /taroʔ/ which corresponds to Standard Malay/Indonesian taruh /taruh/ "to place".[9]
Diphthongs
Belitung Malay features five diphthongs, typically found at the end of words: /ei̯/, /au̯/, /ai̯/, /oi̯/, and /ui̯/.[10] Examples of these diphthongs in use are shown below:
- /ei̯/: /mei̯/ 'May'
- /au̯/: /surau̯/ 'surau'
- /ai̯/: /sampai̯/ 'arrive'
- /oi̯/: /amoi̯/ 'Chinese girls'
- /ui̯/: /unt͡ʃui̯/ 'pipe'
Grammar
Along with Indonesian, standard Malay, and other Malayic languages, the word order in Belitung Malay is typically subject-verb-object (SVO). While there are notable exceptions, the grammar structure of Belitung Malay shares many similarities with Indonesian and Standard Malay.
Affixes
Belitung Malay has a number of affixes that can join with the base word to form an affixed word. In Belitung Malay, like other Malayic languages, there are four types of affixes: prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfix. Prefixes are affixes attached at the beginning of a word, suffixes are affixes added at the end, and infixes are affixes inserted in the middle. A circumfix or discontinuous affix partly attaches to both the front and back of the base form. Like other Malayic languages, Belitung Malay words consist of a root or a root plus derivational affixes. The root, typically bisyllabic in the shape CV(C)CV(C), serves as the core lexical unit and is usually a noun or verb. Affixes are applied to roots to modify or expand their meaning, creating new words.
Prefixes
In Belitung Malay, various prefixes alter the meaning of base words differently. The following are examples of common prefixes in Belitung Malay, their meanings, and words:
| Prefixes | Meaning | Examples of base words | Examples of derived words |
|---|---|---|---|
| ngeN- | When added to the base form of verbs, it indicates 'performing the action described by the base form'. | itong 'count' | ngitong 'counting' |
| libar 'wide' | ngelibar 'to widen' | ||
| rusak 'broken' | ngerusak 'to break' | ||
| ilang 'gone' | ngilang 'to disappear' | ||
| gigit 'bite' | ngegigit 'to bite' | ||
| peN- | When added to the base form of verbs, it denotes 'someone or something that performs the action'. | beriq 'to give' | pemeriq 'giver' |
| durong 'to push' | pendurong 'pusher' | ||
| putong 'to cut' | pemutong 'cutter' | ||
| suro 'to instruct' | penyuro 'instructor' | ||
| ajar 'to teach' | pengajar 'teacher' | ||
| be- | When added to verbs, it signifies 'often performing the action'. With nouns, it denotes 'having', 'ascending', 'wearing', 'engaging in', or 'containing'. | cakap 'talk' | becakap 'to talk' |
| duit 'money' | beduit 'to have money' | ||
| kerje 'job' | bekerje 'to work' | ||
| utang 'debt' | berutang 'to owe' | ||
| kibit 'hold' | bekibitan 'to hold on' | ||
| te- | When added to verbs, it signifies 'completed, unintentional, or capable of performing the action'. With nouns, it means 'to emit', and with adjectives, it indicates 'more'. | ambiq 'to take' | teambiq 'get taken' |
| beli 'to buy' | tebeli 'get bought' | ||
| minum 'to drink' | teminum 'get drank' | ||
| bawa 'to bring' | tebawa 'get brought' | ||
| adok 'to mix' | teradok 'get mixed' | ||
| de- | When added to the base form of nouns or verbs, it signifies 'to be... by'. | pukul 'to hit' | depukul 'to be hit' |
| timbak 'to shoot' | detimbak 'to be shot' | ||
| main 'to play' | demainkan 'to be played' | ||
| jage 'to protect' | dejage 'to be protected' | ||
| gangguq 'to disturb' | degangguq 'to be disturbed' | ||
| ke- | When added to the base form of verbs, it means 'to be affected by'. With adjectives, it signifies 'being viewed'. | tue 'old' | ketue 'leader', 'elder' |
| limaq 'five' | kelimaq 'the fifth' | ||
| tige 'three' | ketige 'the third' | ||
| ndak 'intend' | kendak 'intention' | ||
| tunu 'burn' | ketunu 'burnt' | ||
| se- | When added to the base form of verbs, it signifies 'doing an action together with others'. With nouns, it means 'using something together', and with adjectives, it denotes 'similar'. | umaq 'mother' | seumaq 'one mother' |
| berat 'heavy' | seberat 'as heavy as' | ||
| jat 'evil | sejat 'as evil as' | ||
| masin 'salty' | semasin 'as salty as' | ||
| tetaq 'cut' | setetaw 'one cut' | ||
| ku- | When added to the base form of verbs, it indicates 'ownership' or 'possession'. It is equivalent to 'my' or 'mine' in English. | makan 'to eat' | kumakan 'I eat' |
| antar 'to send' | kuantar 'I send' | ||
| cariq 'to find' | kucariq 'I find' | ||
| beriq 'to give' | kuberiq 'I give' | ||
| gantong 'to hang' | kugantong 'I hang' |
Suffixes
Like prefixes, suffixes in Belitung Malay also alter the meaning of base words in various ways. The following are examples of common suffixes in Belitung Malay, their meanings, and some words:
| Suffixes | Meaning | Examples of base words | Examples of derived words |
|---|---|---|---|
| -an | When added to the base form of verbs, it signifies 'tool or result of performing the action indicated by the base form'. | main 'to play' | mainan 'toys' |
| makan 'to eat' | makanan 'food' | ||
| pikir 'to think' | pikiran 'thoughts' | ||
| cuci 'to wash' | cucian 'laundry' | ||
| potong 'to cut' | potongan 'pieces' | ||
| -eq | When added to the base form of verbs, it signifies that the action described by the verb is directed towards or affecting an object. | limpar 'to throw' | limpareq 'to throw at something' |
| tanam 'to plant' | tanameq 'to plant at something' | ||
| tulis 'to write' | tuliseq 'to write at something' | ||
| kumpul 'to gather' | kumpuleq 'to gather something' | ||
| datang 'to visit' | datangeq 'to visit someone/something' | ||
| -kan | When added to the base form of verbs, it signifies 'to put into or to make into'. With adjectives, it means 'to make more'. | banyak 'many' | banyakkan 'to add more' |
| buat 'to make' | buatkan 'make it' | ||
| angkat to carry' | angkatkan 'carry it' | ||
| turut 'to follow' | turutkan 'follow it' | ||
| isiq 'to fill' | isiqkan 'fill it' | ||
| -e | When added to the base form of verbs or adjectives, it denotes to 'something related to the matter mentioned in the base form'. | banyak 'many' | banyake 'so many' |
| nakal 'naughty' | nakale 'so naughy' | ||
| ruma 'house' | rumae 'his/her house' | ||
| ramai 'crowded' | ramaie 'so crowded' | ||
| bagus 'good | baguse 'so good' |
Infixes
In Belitung Malay, infixation of a base word typically signifies 'many or multiple' of that particular base word. The following are some examples of common infixes used in Belitung Malay:
| Infixes | Examples of base words | Examples of derived words |
|---|---|---|
| -el- | kupor 'sound of fish jumping on the water' | kelupor 'sound of many fishes jumping on the water' |
| juntai 'swinging' | jeluntai 'many people swinging' | |
| -em- | guro 'thunder' | gemuro 'many thunders' |
| tali 'rope' | temali 'many ropes' | |
| telepor 'sound of something falling on the floor' | temelepor 'sound of many things falling on the floor' | |
| -er- | gigi 'tooth' | gerigi 'many teeth' |
| gebos 'suprising sound' | gerebos 'many surprising sounds' |
Circumfixes
There are several circumfixes in Belitung Malay, each with its own specific meanings. The following are some examples of common circumfixes used in Belitung Malay:
| Circumfixes | Meaning | Examples of base words | Examples of derived words |
|---|---|---|---|
| be-....-an | When added to the base form of verbs or adjectives, it signifies 'state', 'condition', or 'result of the action or process denoted by the base word'. | kibit 'to hold' | bekibitan 'to hold one another' |
| dekat 'near' | bedekatan 'to be near each another' | ||
| jao 'far' | bejaoan 'to be far from one another' | ||
| juntai 'to swing' | bejuntaian 'to swing with one another' | ||
| peN-....-an | When added to the base form of verbs, it signifies 'actions', 'processes', 'results', or 'objects' related to the base word. | kubor 'to bury' | penguboran 'burial' |
| timbak 'to shoot' | penimbakan 'shooting' | ||
| tulong 'to assist' | petulongan 'assistance' | ||
| cariq 'to search' | pencariqan 'searching' | ||
| ke-....-an | When added to the base form of adjectives, it signifies 'too' or 'the state or quality' of the base word. | aus 'thirsty' | keausan 'thirst', 'too thirsty' |
| lapar 'hungry' | kelaparan 'hunger', 'too hungry' | ||
| jujor 'honest' | kejujoran 'honesty', 'too honest' | ||
| keciq 'small' | kekeqian 'smallness', 'too small' | ||
| se-....-e | When added to the base form of adjectives, it signifies 'completeness' or 'entirety' of the base word. | bagus 'good' | sebaguse 'as good as possible' |
| keciq 'small' | sekeciqe 'as small as possible' | ||
| cepat 'fast' | secepate 'as fast as possible' | ||
| gede 'large' | segedee 'as large as possible' | ||
| ngeN-....-kan | When added to the base form of verbs or adjectives, it indicates 'causing someone or something to perform the action denoted by the base word'. | cariq 'to find' | ngencariqkan 'to find for' |
| dudok 'to sit' | ngendudokkan 'to sit for' | ||
| waris 'inherit' | ngewariskan 'to inherit for' | ||
| limpar 'to throw' | ngelimparkan 'to throw for' | ||
| ngeN-....-eq | When added to the base form of verbs, it indicates 'doing at something'. | masok 'to enter' | ngemasokeq 'to enter something' |
| tanam 'to plant' | ngetanameq 'to plant something' | ||
| limpar 'to throw' | ngelimpareq 'to throw something' | ||
| gusok 'to brush' | ngegusokeq 'to brush something' | ||
| de-....-kan | When added to the base form of verbs, it indicates ' action done to or for someone or something'. | tulis 'to write' | detuliskan 'to be written by' |
| cariq 'to find' | decariqkan 'to be found by' | ||
| terbang 'to fly' | deterbangkan 'to be flown by' | ||
| beli 'to buy' | debelikan 'to be bought by' | ||
| de-....-eq | When added to the base form of verbs or nouns, it indicates 'action is done to or directed towards an object'. | bace 'to read' | debaceeq 'to be read' |
| cakap 'talk' | decakapeq 'to be criticized' | ||
| sakit 'hurt' | desakiteq 'to be hurt' | ||
| limpar to throw' | delimpareq 'to be thrown' |
Reduplication
References
- ^ "Visualisasi Data Kependudukan - Kementerian Dalam Negeri 2023" (Visual). www.dukcapil.kemendagri.go.id. Retrieved 1 June 2024.
- ^ a b c d Miyake et. al. 2022, p. 2.
- ^ Lastri, Sulastri Nur (2013). Terjadinya penyerapan leksikon asing ke dalam Bahasa Melayu Belitung ditinjau secara etimologi [The occurrence of the absorption of foreign lexicon into Belitung Malay examined from an etymological perspective] (Thesis) (in Indonesian). University of Indonesia.
- ^ Pontoh, Manzhuur Daanisy Ahmad Thaahir; Kabul, Assa Rahmawati (2023-02-09). "Kata serapan dari bahasa Hakka dalam leksikon bahasa Indonesia" [Loanwords from Hakka in the lexicon of the Indonesian language.]. SEMIOTIKA: Jurnal Ilmu Sastra dan Linguistik (in Indonesian). 24 (1): 118–132. doi:10.19184/semiotika.v24i1.31095. ISSN 2599-3429.
- ^ Ricklefs, M.C. A history of modern Indonesia since c. 1300. p. 139.
- ^ Adelaar, K. Alexander; Himmelmann, Nikolaus (2013-03-07). The Austronesian Languages of Asia and Madagascar. Routledge. ISBN 9781136755095.
- ^ M.Hum, Prof Dr H. Mahdi Bahar, S. Kar; M.Hum, Dr Febri Yulika; M.Sn, Dr Nursyirwan, S. Pd; M.Sn, Dr Erlinda; M.Si, Dr Rosta Minawati; M.Si, Roza Muliati. PROCEEDING INTERNATIONAL SEMINAR OF SOUTHEAST ASIA MALAY ARTS FESTIVAL: Rediscovering the Treasures of Malay Culture (in Indonesian). ISI Padangpanjang.
{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ^ a b c Miyake et. al. 2022, p. 3.
- ^ a b c d e f Miyake et. al. 2022, p. 4.
- ^ Azri 2020, p. II-3.
Bibliography
- Miyake, Yoshimi; Hendry, Sarman; Fithrorozi (2022). "A preliminary study of Belitung Malay". NUSA: Linguistic studies of languages in and around Indonesia. 72: 17. doi:10.15026/120254.
- Napsin, Syahrul; Usman, M. Yusuf; Zein, R.M. Syafruddin; Sudarmo; Tarmizi; Silahiddin, Sofyan (1986). Morfologi dan Sintaksis Bahasa Melayu Belitung [Morphology and Syntax of Belitung Malay] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation.
- Aliana, Zainal Arifin; Arifin, Siti Salamah; Mairu, Tannizi; As'ad, Nurbaya; Maspriyadi (1992). Sastra Lisan Bahasa Melayu Belitung [Oral Literature of Belitung Malay] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation. ISBN 979 459 199 8.
- Arifin, Siti Salamah; Abubakar, Tannizi; Alwi, Zahra (2002). Sistem Reduplikasi Bahasa Melayu Belitung [Reduplication System of Belitung Malay] (PDF) (in Indonesian). Jakarta: Agency for Language Development and Cultivation. ISBN 979 685 267 5.
- Azri, Yaumil Chairani (2020). Algoritma Stemming Bahasa Melayu Belitung menggunakan Aturan Tata Bahasa (PDF) (Thesis) (in Indonesian). State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim Riau.
{{cite thesis}}: CS1 maint: ref duplicates default (link)
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